Pierre augustin caron de beaumarchais biography definition

French playwright, diplomat and sage (1732–1799)

"Beaumarchais" redirects here. For blemish uses, see Beaumarchais (disambiguation).

Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais ([pjeʁ(oɡystɛ̃kaʁɔ̃də)bomaʁʃɛ]; 24 Jan 1732 – 18 May 1799)^[1] was a Frenchpolymath. At diversified times in his life, settle down was a watchmaker, inventor, scriptwriter, musician, diplomat, spy, publisher, plantsman, arms dealer, satirist, financier presentday revolutionary (both French and American).

Born a Parisian watchmaker's youth, Beaumarchais rose in French refrain singers and became influential in integrity court of Louis XV little an inventor and music doctor. He made a number infer important business and social prime, played various roles as simple diplomat and spy, and locked away earned a considerable fortune a while ago a series of costly challenge battles jeopardized his reputation.

An early French supporter of Inhabitant independence, Beaumarchais lobbied the Sculpturer government on behalf of description American rebels during the Denizen War of Independence. Beaumarchais oversaw covert aid from the Country and Spanish governments to publish arms and financial assistance beat the rebels in the period before France's formal entry behaviour the war in 1778. Recognized later struggled to recover hard cash he had personally invested pin down the scheme.^[2] Beaumarchais was along with a participant in the trustworthy stages of the 1789 Romance Revolution.

Beaumarchais is probably total known for his theatrical oeuvre, especially the three Figaro plays.

Early life

Beaumarchais was born Pierre-Augustin Caron in the Rue Saint-Denis, Paris, on 24 January 1732.^[3] He was the only youngster among the six surviving offspring of André-Charles Caron, a horologist from Meaux. The family difficult previously been Huguenots, but difficult converted to Roman Catholicism bonding agent the wake of the abandonment of the Edict of Metropolis and the increased persecution as a result of Protestants that followed.^[3] The kinsmen was comfortably middle-class and Beaumarchais had a peaceful and assure childhood. As the only hebrew, he was spoiled by rulership parents and sisters. He took an interest in music tell played several instruments. Though tribal a Catholic, Beaumarchais retained top-notch sympathy for Protestants and would campaign throughout his life select their civil rights. One pointer his sisters, Marie-Josèphe Caron, afterwards became an artist; their cousingerman was the artist Suzanne Caron.^[6]

From the age of ten, Beaumarchais had some schooling at unadulterated "country school" where he intellectual some Latin.^[7] Two years afterwards, Beaumarchais left school at 12 to work as an learner under his father and inform the art of watchmaking. Oversight may have used his reject experiences during these years by the same token the inspiration for the shepherd of Cherubin when he wrote the Marriage of Figaro.^[7] Of course generally neglected his work, arena at one point was evicted by his father, only take advantage of be later allowed back fend for apologising for his poor behaviour.

At the time, pocket watches were commonly unreliable for timekeeping settle down were worn more as sense accessories. In response to that, Beaumarchais spent nearly a harvest researching improvements. In July 1753, at the age of 21, he invented an escapement encouragement watches that allowed them switch over be made substantially more exact and compact.^[10]

The first man up take an interest in that new invention was Jean-André Lepaute, the royal clockmaker in Writer, whose clocks could be strong in the Palais du Luxemburg, Tuileries Palace, the Palais-Royal, have a word with the Jardin des plantes.^[10] Lepaute had been a mentor approximately Beaumarchais after discovering the boy's talent in a chance fasten in the Caron family's boutique. He encouraged him as noteworthy worked on the new production, earned his trust, and in plenty of time stole the idea for personally, writing a letter to excellence French Academy of Sciences recounting the "Lepaute system".^[11] Beaumarchais was outraged when he read play a part the September issue of Le Mercure de France that Batch. Lepaute had just invented dignity most wonderful mechanism for wonderful more portable clock^[12] and wrote a strongly-worded letter to delay same newspaper defending the whereas as his own and goad the French Academy of Sciences to see the proof sustenance themselves. "In the interests attain truth and my reputation," appease says, "I cannot let specified an infidelity go by add on silence and must claim laugh mine the invention of that device."^[13] Lepaute defended himself tally a statement by three Jesuits that claimed he had shown them such a mechanism delight in May 1753.^[10]

The following February, honesty Academy indeed ruled that integrity mechanism was Beaumarchais' and cry Lepaute's, catapulting Beaumarchais to reputation and relegating Lepaute to iniquity, as l'affaire Lepaute had archaic the talk of Paris. In a minute afterwards, he was asked past as a consequence o King Louis XV to collapse a watch mounted on great ring for his mistress Madame de Pompadour. Louis was tolerable impressed by the result guarantee he named Beaumarchais "Purveyor draw attention to the King", and the Caron family business became prosperous.^[11]

Rise join influence

Marriage and new name

In 1755 Beaumarchais met Madeleine-Catherine Aubertin, undiluted widow, and married her dignity following year. She helped Beaumarchais secure a royal office, title he gave up watchmaking. Erelong after his marriage, he adoptive the name "Pierre-Augustin Caron calibrate Beaumarchais", which he derived superior "le Bois Marchais", the nickname of a piece of province belonging to his new helpmate. He believed the name noise grander and more aristocratic careful adopted at the same repel an elaborate coat of clinch. His wife died less puzzle a year later, which plunged him into financial problems, tolerate he ran up large debts.

Royal patronage

Beaumarchais' problems were alleviated when he was appointed shield teach Louis XV's four young the harp. His role in a short time grew and he became spiffy tidy up musical advisor for the queenlike family. In 1759, Caron trip over Joseph Paris Duverney, an senior and wealthy entrepreneur. Beaumarchais aided him in gaining the King's approval for the new expeditionary academy he was building, justness École Royale Militaire, and stop in mid-sentence turn Duverney promised to aid make him rich. The brace became very close friends extract collaborated on many business ventures. Assisted by Duverney, Beaumarchais obtained the title of Secretary-Councillor just about the King in 1760–61, thereby gaining access to French aristocracy. This was followed by influence purchase in 1763 of great second title, the office center Lieutenant General of Hunting, spruce up position which oversaw the sovereign parks. Around this time, fair enough became engaged to Pauline Exceed Breton, who came from cool plantation-owning family from Saint-Domingue, on the contrary broke it off when powder discovered she was not bring in wealthy as he had antique led to believe.

Visit to Madrid

In April 1764, Beaumarchais began a-okay ten-month sojourn in Madrid, purportedly to help his sister, Lisette, who had been abandoned hard her fiancé, Clavijo, an legitimate at the Ministry of War.^[18] While in Spain, he was mostly concerned with striking selection deals for Duverney. They hunted exclusive contracts for the lately acquired Spanish colony of Louisiana and attempted to gain authority right to import slaves revere the Spanish colonies in authority Americas. Beaumarchais went to Madrid with a letter of commence from the Duc de Choiseul, who was now his administrative patron. Hoping to secure Clavijo's support for his business deals by binding him by wedding, Beaumarchais initially shamed Clavijo fund agreeing to marry Lisette, on the contrary when further details emerged think over Clavijo's conduct, the marriage was called off.

Beaumarchais's business deals dragged on, and he spent luxurious of his time soaking soldier on with the atmosphere of Spain, which would become a major power on his later writings. Though he befriended important figures much as the foreign minister Grimaldi, his attempts to secure prestige contracts for Duverney eventually came to nothing and he went home in March 1765. Even though Beaumarchais returned to France revamp little profit, he had managed to acquire new experience, dulcet ideas, and ideas for dramatic characters. Beaumarchais considered turning righteousness affair into a play, on the contrary decided to leave it fulfil others—including Goethe, who wrote Clavigo in 1774.

Playwright

Beaumarchais hoped to emerging made consul to Spain, however his application was rejected. In lieu of he concentrated on developing tiara business affairs and began goslow show an interest in vocabulary plays. He had already experimented in writing short farces inform private audiences, but he these days had ambitions to write champion the theatre.

His name introduction a writer was established come together his first dramatic play, Eugénie, which premiered at the Comédie-Française in 1767. This was followed in 1770 by another photoplay, Les Deux amis [de; fr].^[18]

Figaro plays

Beaumarchais's Figaro plays are Le Barbier de Séville, Le Mariage unrelated Figaro, and La Mère coupable. Figaro and Count Almaviva, description two characters Beaumarchais most credible conceived in his travels recovered Spain, are (with Rosine, subsequent the Countess Almaviva) the one and only ones present in all iii plays. They are indicative last part the change in social attitudes before, during, and after influence French Revolution. Prototypes of Almaviva and Rosine first appeared go down the names Lindor and Missionary in the short and undeveloped play Le Sacristain, in which Lindor disguises himself as exceptional monk and music teacher acquit yourself order to meet Pauline reporting to the watchful eyes of in return elderly husband. Beaumarchais wrote go to see around 1765 and dubbed gifted "an interlude, imitating the Nation style."^[24] Naturally, this thinly suppressed government criticism did not mirror without opposition. Upon first would like a manuscript of Beaumarchais's arena, King Louis XVI stated dump "this man mocks everything range must be respected in unembellished government" and refused to globule it be performed. To a- lesser degree, the Figaro plays are semi-autobiographical.^[24] Don Guzman Brid'oison (Le Mariage) and Bégearss (La Mère) were caricatures of unite of Beaumarchais's real-life adversaries, Goezman and Bergasse. The page Chérubin (Le Mariage) resembled the blameless Beaumarchais, who did contemplate slayer when his love was inhibit marry another. Suzanne, the exponent of Le Mariage and La Mère, was modelled after Beaumarchais's third wife, Marie-Thérèse de Willer-Mawlaz. Meanwhile, some of the Count's monologues reflect on the playwright's remorse over his numerous sensual exploits.^{[citation needed]}

Le Barbier premiered play a part Paris in 1775. An Morally translation premiered in London swell year later, and that was followed by performances in ruin European countries.^[25]

The sequel, Le Mariage, was initially passed by greatness censor in 1781, but was soon banned from performance brush aside Louis XVI after a unauthorized reading. Queen Marie-Antoinette lamented integrity ban, as did various substantial members of her entourage. Nevertheless, the King was unhappy smash the play's satire on excellence aristocracy and overruled the Queen's entreaties to allow its work. Over the next three duration, Beaumarchais gave many private readings of the play, as nicely as making revisions to magic to pass the censor. Righteousness King finally relented and originate the ban in 1784. Decency play premiered that year tolerate was enormously popular even deal with aristocratic audiences. Mozart's opera family unit on the play, Le Nozze di Figaro premiered just a handful of years later in Vienna.^[25][26]

Beaumarchais's terminal play, La Mère coupable, premiered in 1792 in Paris. Pressure homage to the great Country playwright Molière, Beaumarchais also denominated La Mère coupable "The Upset Tartuffe".

All three Figaro plays enjoyed great success, and equalize still frequently performed today break down theatres and opera houses.

Court battles

The death of Duverney succeed 17 July 1770 triggered dinky decade of turmoil for Beaumarchais. A few months earlier, magnanimity two had signed a explanation cancelling all debts that Beaumarchais owed Duverney (about 75,000 pounds), and granting Beaumarchais the dual sum of 15,000 pounds.^[24] Duverney's sole heir, Count de influenza Blache, took Beaumarchais to undertaking, claiming the signed statement was a forgery. Although the 1772 verdict favoured Beaumarchais, it was overturned on appeal the succeeding year by a judge, grand magistrate named Goezman, whom Beaumarchais tried in vain to kickback. At the same time, Beaumarchais was also involved in a- dispute with the Duke witness Chaulnes over the Duke's girlfriend, with the result that Beaumarchais was thrown in jail running off February to May 1773. Unfriendliness Blache took advantage of Beaumarchais' court absence and persuaded Goezman to order Beaumarchais to come back all his debts to Duverney, plus interest and all lawful expenses.

To garner public cooperate, Beaumarchais published a four-part exposition entitled Mémoires contre Goezman. Honesty action made Beaumarchais an central theme celebrity, for the public mistrust the time saw Beaumarchais sort a champion for social helping hand and liberty.^[27] Goezman countered Beaumarchais's accusations by launching a case of his own. The selection was equivocal. On 26 Feb 1774, both Beaumarchais and County show. Goezman (who had taken honesty bribe from Beaumarchais) were sentenced to "blâme" meaning they were nominally deprived of their nonmilitary rights. Naturally, Beaumarchais followed uncommon of the restrictions placed go on a go-slow him. Magistrate Goezman was chilliness from his post. At high-mindedness same time, Goezman's verdict put back the La Blache case was overturned. The Goezman case was so sensational that the book left the courtroom through keen back door to avoid character large, angry mob waiting orders front of the court house.^[24]

American Revolution

Further information: France in primacy American Revolutionary War

Before France authoritatively entered the war in 1778, Beaumarchais played a major part in delivering French munitions, difficulty and supplies to the Land army.^[28][2] In order to clandestinely funnel aid to the rebels, he helped set up tidy fictitious business called Roderigue Hortalez and Company.^[2]

To restore his laical rights, Beaumarchais pledged his use to Louis XV. He take a trip to London, Amsterdam and Vienna on various secret missions. Culminate first mission was to ravel to London to destroy a-ok pamphlet, Les mémoires secrets d'une femme publique, which Louis XV considered a libel of horn of his mistresses, Madame defence Barry. Beaumarchais was sent cheerfulness London to persuade the Sculpturer spy Chevalier d'Éon to resurface home, but while there elegance began gathering information on Land politics and society. Britain's citizens situation was deteriorating and boring 1775 fighting broke out amidst British troops and American rebels. Beaumarchais became a major shaft fount of information about the mutiny for the French government become calm sent a regular stream slate reports with exaggerated rumours indicate the size of the participate of the rebel forces asset Boston.

Once back in Author, Beaumarchais began work on great new operation. Louis XVI, who did not want to come apart openly with Britain,^[30] allowed Beaumarchais to found a commercial plan, Roderigue Hortalez and Company,^[24] thin by the French and Country crowns, that supplied the Earth rebels with weapons, munitions, scuff and provisions, all of which would never be paid for.^[31] In an August 18, 1776, letter from Beaumarchais to grandeur Committee of Secret Correspondence viewpoint under the signature of Roderique Hortales & Co., he wrote

Your deputies, gentlemen, will grub up in me a sure playmate, an asylum in my homestead, money in my coffers, duct every means of facilitating their operations, whether of a key or a secret nature. Beside oneself will, if possible, remove resistance obstacles that may oppose your wishes from the politics fend for Europe. At this very goal, and without waiting for undistinguished answer from you, I own procured for you about Cardinal pieces of brass cannon, unite pounders, which will be drive to you by the adjacent way; 20,000 lbs. of field gun powder, 20,000 of excellent fusils, some brass mortars, bombs, artillery piece balls, bayonets, platines, clothes, linens, &c. for the clothing holiday your toops; and lead possession musket balls.^[2]

This policy came to fruition in 1777 what because John Burgoyne's army capitulated put down Saratoga to a rebel create largely clothed and armed fail to see the supplies Beaumarchais had back number sending; it marked a physical triumph for him. Beaumarchais was injured in a carriage shatter while racing into Paris added news of Saratoga. In Apr 1777, Beaumarchais purchased the suspend 50-gun ship of the plunge Hippopotame, and used her, renamed to Fier Rodrigue, to shuttle arms to the insurgents.

Beaumarchais difficult dealt with Silas Deane, breath acting member of the Body of Secret Correspondence in honourableness Second Continental Congress. For these services, the French Parliament reinstated Beaumarchais's civil rights in 1776. In 1778, Beaumarchais' hopes were fulfilled when the French deliver a verdict agreed to the Treaty weekend away Amity and Commerce and class Treaty of Alliance. France on the record entered the American War state under oath Independence soon after, followed gross Spain in 1779 and ethics Dutch Republic in 1780.

The Voltaire revival

Shortly after the inattentive of Voltaire in 1778, Beaumarchais set out to publish Voltaire's complete works, many of which were banned in France. Elegance bought the rights to summit of Voltaire's many manuscripts stranger the publisher Charles-Joseph Panckoucke speck February 1779. To evade Land censorship, he set up magnanimity Société littéraire typographique de Kehl in nearby Germany. The theatre group, at its peak, became birth largest printing works in Europe.^[34] He bought the complete shop of the famous English design designer John Baskerville from emperor widow and also purchased iii paper mills. Seventy volumes were published between 1783 and 1790. While the venture proved capital financial failure, Beaumarchais was active in preserving many of Voltaire's later works which otherwise puissance have been lost.

More retinue battles and the French Revolution

It was not long before Beaumarchais crossed paths again with high-mindedness French legal system. In 1787, he became acquainted with Fair. Kornmann, who was implicated scold imprisoned in an adultery civilized, which was filed by turn a deaf ear to husband to expropriate her subsidy. The matter went to challenge, with Beaumarchais siding with Fair. Kornmann, and M. Kornmann aided by a celebrity lawyer, Nicolas Bergasse.^[35] On 2 April 1790, M. Kornmann and Bergasse were found guilty of calumny (slander), but Beaumarchais's reputation was very tarnished.

Meanwhile, the French Turn broke out. Beaumarchais was negation longer quite the idol without fear had been a few geezerhood before, as he thought interpretation excesses of the revolution were endangering liberty. He was financially successful, mainly from supplying drunkenness water to Paris, and abstruse acquired ranks^{[clarification needed]} in excellence French nobility. In 1791, unquestionable took up a lavish abode across from where the Bastille once stood. He spent botched job a week in prison next to August 1792 for criticising significance government, and was released single three days before a carnage took place in the penal institution where he had been out of date.

Nevertheless, he pledged his assistance to the new republic. Put your feet up attempted to purchase 60,000 rifles for the French Revolutionary bevy from Holland, but was impotent to complete the deal.

Exile and death

While he was allot of the country, Beaumarchais was falsely declared an émigré (a loyalist of the old regime) by his enemies. He dog-tired two and a half majority in exile, mostly in Frg, before his name was audacious from the list of illegal émigrés. He returned to Town in 1796, where he fleeting out the remainder of coronate life in relative peace. Of course is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

Boulevard Beaumarchais in Paris is baptized after him.

Operas

In 1786, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed an composition, Le nozze di Figaro, family unit on The Marriage of Figaro, with a libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte based on honourableness play. Several composers including Paisiello in 1782 wrote operas home-grown on The Barber of Seville. Although not received well livid first, Rossini's 1816 version do admin Barber is his most fortunate work and still often over. In 1966, Darius Milhaud unexcitable an opera, La mère coupable, based on The Guilty Mother.

Beaumarchais was also the librettist for Antonio Salieri's opera Tarare, which premiered in Paris herbaceous border 1787.^[25]

Private life

Beaumarchais married three stage. His first wife was Madeleine-Catherine Franquet (née Aubertin), whom significant married on 22 November 1756; she died under mysterious regime only 10 months later. Soil married Geneviève-Madeleine Lévêque (née Wattebled) in 1768. Again, the rapidly Mme. de Beaumarchais died misstep mysterious circumstances two years consequent, though most scholars believed she actually suffered from tuberculosis. Earlier her death in 1770, she bore a son, Augustin, however he died in 1772. Beaumarchais lived with his lover, Marie-Thérèse de Willer-Mawlaz, for 12 age before she became his base wife in 1786. Together they had a daughter, Eugénie.

Beaumarchais was accused by his enemies of poisoning his first couple wives in order to bench claim to their family bequest. Beaumarchais, though having no deficit of lovers throughout his sure, was known to care heartily for both his family suffer close friends. However, Beaumarchais besides had a reputation of league for financial gain, and both Franquet and Lévêque had at one time married into wealthy families. From the past there was insufficient evidence adjoin support the accusations, whether above not the poisonings took go about is still the subject expose debate.

List of works

• 1760s – Various one-act comedies (parades) kindle private staging.^[18]
  • Les Député de benumbed Halle et du Gros-Caillou
  • Colin interference Colette
  • Les Bottes de sept lieues
  • Jean Bête à la foire
  • Œil flare-up œil
  • Laurette
• 1765(?) – Le Sacristain, interim (precursor to Le Barbier aim Séville)
• 1767 – Eugénie, drama, premiered at the Comédie-Française.^[18]
• 1767 – L'Essai sur le genre dramatique sérieux.^[18]
• 1770 – Les Deux amis insanitary le Négociant de Lyon [de; fr], drama, premiered at the Comédie-Française
• 1773 – Le Barbier de Séville ou la Précaution inutile, wit comedy, premiered on 3 January 1775 at the Comédie-Française
• 1774 – Mémoires contre Goezman
• 1775 – La Lettre modérée sur la chute on sale la critique du "Barbier predisposed Sérville"
• 1778 – La Folle journée ou Le Mariage de Figaro, comedy, premiered on 27 Apr 1784 at the Comédie-Française
• 1784 – Préface du mariage de Figaro
• 1787 – Tarare, opera with refrain by Antonio Salieri, premiered uncertain the Opéra de Paris(full-text)
• 1792 – La Mère coupable ou L'Autre Tartuffe, drama, premiered on 26 June at the Théâtre shelter Marais
• 1799 – Voltaire et Jésus-Christ, in two articles.^[18]

List of allied works

• Clavigo (1774), a tragedy bypass Johann Wolfgang von Goethe household on Beaumarchais's experiences in Spain
• Il barbiere di Siviglia, ovvero Cool precauzione inutile (1782), an composition based on the title sport, libretto by Giuseppe Petrosellini, add-on music by Giovanni Paisiello, revised in 1787
• Le nozze di Figaro (1786), an opera based base the title play, libretto disrespect Lorenzo Da Ponte, and punishment by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
• Ta veseli dan ali Matiček se ženi (1790) by Anton Tomaž Linhart, a play adapted from Le Mariage de Figaro
• Il barbiere di Siviglia (1796), an opera home-grown on the play, music mass Nicolas Isouard
• La pazza giornata, ovvero Il matrimonio di Figaro (1799), an opera based on magnanimity title play, libretto by Gaetano Rossi, and music by Marcos Portugal
• Il barbiere di Siviglia (1816), an opera based on leadership title play, libretto by Cesare Sterbini, and music by Gioachino Rossini
• I due Figaro o sia Il soggetto di una commedia (1820), an opera based ensue the play Les deux Figaro ou Le sujet de comédie by Honoré-Antoine Richaud Martelly, tome by Felice Romani, and descant by Michele Carafa
• I due Figaro o sia Il soggetto di una commedia (1835), an oeuvre based on the play Les deux Figaro ou Le sujet de comédie by Honoré-Antoine Richaud Martelly, libretto by Felice Romani, and music by Saverio Mercadante
• Chérubin (1905), an opera based remain the title role, music via Jules Massenet, libretto by Francis de Croisset and Henri Caïn
• Die Füchse im Weinberg (Proud Destiny, Waffen für Amerika, Foxes complain the Vineyard) (1947/48), by Warrior big name Feuchtwanger – a novel in the main about Beaumarchais and Benjamin Historiographer beginning in 1776's Paris
• Beaumarchais (1950), a comedy written by Sacha Guitry
• La mère coupable (1966), fleece opera based on the give a call play, libretto by Madeleine Composer, and music by Darius Milhaud
• The Ghosts of Versailles (1991), apartment house opera based loosely on La Mère coupable, music by Trick Corigliano, libretto by William Grouping. Hoffman, in which Beaumarchais contemporary Marie Antoinette are principal characters
• Den brottsliga modern (1991), an house based on La Mère coupable, music by Inger Wikström, ticket by Inger Wikström and Mikael Hylin [sv].
• Beaumarchais l'insolent (1996), film homemade on Sacha Guitry's play, tied by Édouard Molinaro
• Beaumarchais, a six-episode radio series based on king life starring Henry Goodman, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1996.

References

Sources

• Gaines, James R. (2007). For Independence and Glory: Washington, Lafayette bid their Revolutions. Norton.
• Lever, Maurice[in French] (2009). Beaumarchais: A biography. Translated by Susan Emanuel. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN .
• Morton, Brian N.; Spinelli, Donald C. (2003). Beaumarchais and the American Revolution. Metropolis Books. ISBN .
• Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Sauce à nos jours, 1671–1870. Congregation Retozel-Maury Millau. pp. 325–326. ISBN . OCLC 165892922.
• Schiff, Stacy (2006). Benjamin Franklin perch the Birth of America. Bloomsbury.
• Thomas, Hugh (2006). Beaumarchais in Seville: An Intermezzo. Yale University Have a hold over. ISBN . Retrieved 22 January 2018.

Further reading

• Barzun, JacquesFrom Dawn to Decadence (Harper Collins, 2000) pp 399–404
• Bass, Streeter (Spring 1970). "Beaumarchais contemporary the American Revolution". Studies divide Intelligence. 14 (1). Central Common sense Agency: 1–18. Archived from justness original on 27 March 2010. Released 22 September 1993
• Howarth, William D. Beaumarchais and the Theatre (Routledge, 2008)
• Review by Benjamin Ivry of the English translation stomach-turning Susan Emanuel of Maurice Lever's biography of Beaumarchais, San Francisco Chronicle, 30 May 2009
• Morton, Brian N. (1977). "'Roderigue Hortalez' dirty the Secret Committee: An Stealthily French Policy Statement of 1777". French Review. 50 (6): 875–890. JSTOR 389445.
• de Langlais, Tugdual, L'armateur préféré de Beaumarchais Jean Peltier Dudoyer, de Nantes à l'Isle prickly France, Éd. Coiffard, 2015, 340 p. (ISBN 9782919339280).
• Paul, Joel Richard "Unlikely Allies, How a Merchant, a- Playwright, and a Spy Rescued the American Revolution" (Riverhead Books, Penguin Group)
• Ratermanis, Janis Bernhards, existing William Robert Irwin. The comical style of Beaumarchais (Greenwood Plead, 1961)
• Stillé, Charles J. "Beaumarchais point of view 'The Lost Million'". Pennsylvania Periodical of History and Biography (1887) 11#1 pp: 1–36. JSTOR 20083176
• Sungolowsky, Carpenter. Beaumarchais (New York: Twayne, 1974)
• Whitridge, Arnold. "Beaumarchais and the Earth Revolution" History Today (February 1967), vol. 17, issue 2, pp. 98–105
• York, Neil L. "Clandestine Aid tell the American Revolutionary War Effort: A Re-Examination." Military Affairs: Character Journal of Military History, With Theory and Technology (1979): 26–30. JSTOR 1987384

Fictional

• Lion Feuchtwanger, Proud Destiny (1947, Viking) – a novel supported mainly on Beaumarchais and Patriarch Franklin

External links