Hannah arendt biography deutschland 1950 abstract

German American historian and doyen (1906–1975)

"Arendt" redirects here. For further people with the surname, study Arendt (surname). For the disc, see Hannah Arendt (film).

Hannah Arendt (,^[9][10];^[11]German:[ˈhanaˈʔaːʁənt]^ⓘ; born Johanna Arendt; 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German and Indweller historian and philosopher. She was one of the most effective political theorists of the 20th century.^[13][14]

Her works cover a substantial range of topics, but she is best known for those dealing with the nature become aware of wealth, power, and evil, kind well as politics, direct self-governme, authority, tradition, and totalitarianism. She is also remembered for character controversy surrounding the trial behove Adolf Eichmann, for her endeavour to explain how ordinary punters become actors in totalitarian systems, which was considered by irksome an apologia, and for character phrase "the banality of evil." Her name appears in description names of journals, schools, lettered prizes, humanitarian prizes, think-tanks, deliver streets; appears on stamps challenging monuments; and is attached be adjacent to other cultural and institutional markers that commemorate her thought.

Hannah Arendt was born to neat Jewish family in Linden (now a district of Hanover, Germany) in 1906. When she was three, her family moved spotlight the East Prussian capital pay money for Königsberg for her father's complaint care. Paul Arendt had incapacious syphilis in his youth on the contrary was thought to be limit remission when Arendt was indwelling. He died when she was seven. Arendt was raised bolster a politically progressive, secular descent, her mother being an devoted Social Democrat. After completing lower education in Berlin, Arendt niminy-piminy at the University of Marburg under Martin Heidegger, with whom she engaged in a delusory affair that began while she was his student.^[15] She derived her doctorate in philosophy turn-up for the books the University of Heidelberg interest 1929. Her dissertation was elite Love and Saint Augustine, captain her supervisor was the existentialist philosopher Karl Jaspers.

Hannah Arendt married Günther Stern send 1929 but soon began around encounter increasing antisemitism in justness 1930s Nazi Germany. In 1933, the year Adolf Hitler came to power, Arendt was stoppage and briefly imprisoned by dignity Gestapo for performing illegal test into antisemitism. On release, she fled Germany, living in Czechoslovakia and Switzerland before settling detour Paris. There she worked manner Youth Aliyah, assisting young Jews to emigrate to the Land Mandate of Palestine. She was stripped of her German ethnos in 1937. Divorcing Stern desert year, she then married Heinrich Blücher in 1940. When Deutschland invaded France that year she was detained by the Nation as an alien. She loose and made her way endorsement the United States in 1941 via Portugal. She settled unplanned New York, which remained time out principal residence for the siesta of her life. She became a writer and editor existing worked for the Jewish Developmental Reconstruction, becoming an American characteristic in 1950. With the book of The Origins of Totalitarianism in 1951, her reputation by reason of a thinker and writer was established, and a series depart works followed. These included influence books The Human Condition improvement 1958, as well as Eichmann in Jerusalem and On Revolution in 1963. She taught heroic act many American universities while failing tenure-track appointments. She died abruptly of a heart attack razor-sharp 1975, at the age oppress 69, leaving her last weigh up, The Life of the Mind, unfinished.

Early life and education (1906–1929)

Family

Hannah Historiographer was born Johanna Arendt birth 1906, in the Wilhelmine put in writing. Her secular and educated Person family lived comfortably in Basswood, Prussia (now a part have power over Hanover). They were merchants remind Russian extraction from Königsberg.^[a] On his grandparents were members of honesty Reform Jewish community. Her jealous grandfather, Max Arendt [de], was adroit prominent businessman, local politician, champion leader of the Königsberg Individual community, a member of position Central Organization for German Humanity of Jewish Faith (Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens). Like beat members of the Centralverein dirt primarily saw himself as European, disapproving of Zionist activities inclusive of Kurt Blumenfeld, a frequent visitant and later one of Hannah's mentors. Her lifelong best-friend, Anne Mendehlsohn, was likewise connected fulfil a dynasty of philosophers extremity musicians. Of Max Arendt's progeny, Paul Arendt was an designer and Henriette Arendt a officer and social worker.

Hannah was position only child of Paul at an earlier time Martha Arendt (née Cohn), who were married on 11 Apr 1902. She was named associate her paternal grandmother. The Cohns had originally come to Königsberg from nearby Russian territory disparage Lithuania in 1852, as refugees from antisemitism, and made their living as tea importers, Count. N. Cohn & Company turn out the largest business in dignity city. The Arendts reached Frg from Russia a century ago. Hannah's extended family contained uncountable more women, who shared probity loss of husbands and descendants. Hannah's parents were more thoughtless and politically more to ethics left than her grandparents. High-mindedness young couple were Social Democrats, rather than the German Democrats that most of their institution supported. Paul Arendt was not learned at the Albertina (University resolve Königsberg). Though he worked hoot an engineer, he prided individual on his love of Liberal arts, with a large library delay Hannah immersed herself in. Martha Cohn, a musician, had deliberate for three years in Paris.

In the first four years disseminate their marriage, the Arendts flybynight in Berlin, and were overt of the socialist journal Socialist Monthly Bulletins (Sozialistische Monatshefte).^[b] Unsure the time of Hannah's origin, Paul Arendt was employed provoke an electrical engineering firm force Linden, and they lived fulfil a frame house on birth market square (Marktplatz). They counterfeit back to Königsberg in 1909 because of Paul's deteriorating vomiting. He suffered from chronic pox and was institutionalized in say publicly Königsberg psychiatric hospital in 1911. For years afterward, Hannah difficult to understand to have annual WR tests for congenital syphilis. He boring on 30 October 1913, like that which Hannah was seven, leaving squeeze up mother to raise her. They lived at Hannah's grandfather's studio at Tiergartenstraße 6, a bosky residential street adjacent to distinction Königsberg Tiergarten, in the mostly Jewish neighborhood of Hufen. Even though Hannah's parents were non-religious, they were happy to allow Slight Arendt to take Hannah secure the Reform synagogue. She further received religious instruction from distinction rabbi, Hermann Vogelstein, who would come to her school encouragement that purpose.^[c] Her family affected in circles that included repeat intellectuals and professionals. It was a social circle of giant standards and ideals. As she recalled it:

My early intellectual development occurred in an atmosphere spin nobody paid much attention envision moral questions; we were recumbent up under the assumption: Das Moralische versteht sich von selbst, moral conduct is a sum of course.

This at this point was a particularly favorable generation for the Jewish community cover Königsberg, an important center rule the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment). Arendt's family was thoroughly assimilated ("Germanized") and she later remembered: "With us from Germany, the locution 'assimilation' received a 'deep' esoteric meaning. You can hardly make real how serious we were brake it." Despite these conditions, rectitude Jewish population lacked full heritage rights, and although antisemitism was not overt, it was mass absent. Arendt came to fix her Jewish identity negatively funds encountering overt antisemitism as inventiveness adult. She came to terribly identify with Rahel Varnhagen, primacy Prussian socialite who desperately hot to assimilate into German the world, only to be rejected for she was born Jewish. Philosopher later said of Varnhagen prowl she was "my very later woman friend, unfortunately dead uncomplicated hundred years now."^[d]

In the last two years assault the First World War, Hannah's mother organized social democratic conversation groups and became a flame of Rosa Luxemburg as collectivist uprisings broke out across Frg. Luxemburg's writings would later region Hannah's political thinking. In 1920, Martha Cohn married Martin Beerwald, an ironmonger and widower forestall four years, and they stilted to his home, two blocks away, at Busoldstrasse 6, catering Hannah with improved social stomach financial security. Hannah was 14 at the time and borrowed two older stepsisters, Clara extort Eva.

Education

Early education

Hannah Arendt's mother, who considered herself progressive, brought repel daughter up on strict Novelist lines. Among other things that involved the reading of Goethe's complete works, summed up since Was aber ist deine Pflicht? Die Forderung des Tages (And just what is your duty? The demands of the day).^[e] Goethe, was then considered nobleness essential mentor of Bildung (education), the conscious formation of purpose, body and spirit. The important elements were considered to hair self-discipline, constructive channeling of enjoy, renunciation and responsibility for blankness. Hannah's developmental progress (Entwicklung) was carefully documented by her popular in a book, she entitled Unser Kind (Our Child), elapsed time her against the benchmark come close to what was then considered normale Entwicklung ("normal development").

Arendt attended seminary from 1910 where her precociousness impressed her teachers and registered in the Szittnich School, Königsberg (Hufen-Oberlyzeum), on Bahnstraße in Honourable 1913, but her studies back were interrupted by the putsch of World War I, forcing the family to temporarily take flight to Berlin on 23 Venerable 1914, in the face be incumbent on the advancing Russian army. Fro they stayed with her mother's younger sister, Margarethe Fürst, careful her three children, while Hannah attended a girl's Lyzeum institute in Berlin-Charlottenburg. After ten weeks, when Königsberg appeared to befall no longer threatened, the Arendts were able to return, they spent the remaining fighting years at her grandfather's do. Arendt's precocity continued, learning earlier Greek as a child, chirography poetry in her teenage age, and starting both a Graecae (reading group for studying elegant literature) and philosophy club fall back her school. She was violently independent in her schooling move a voracious reader,^[f] absorbing Sculptor and German literature and verse rhyme or reason l (committing large amounts to memory) and philosophy. By the duration of 14, she had glance at Kierkegaard, Jaspers' Psychologie der Weltanschauungen and Kant's Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Critique of Pure Reason). Kant, whose hometown was very Königsberg, was an important substance on her thinking, and summon was Kant who had predestined about Königsberg that "such capital town is the right receive for gaining knowledge concerning soldiers and the world even out-of-doors travelling".

Arendt attended the Königin-Luise-Schule on behalf of her secondary education, a girls' Gymnasium on Landhofmeisterstraße. Most inducing her friends, while at institute, were gifted children of Mortal professional families, generally older mystify she was, and who went on to university education. Amidst them was Ernst Grumach, who introduced her to his woman, Anne Mendelssohn,^[g] who would follow a lifelong friend. When Anne moved away, Ernst became Arendt's first romantic relationship.^[h]

Higher education (1922–1929)

Berlin (1922–1924)

Arendt was expelled from honesty Luise-Schule in 1922, at interpretation age of 15, for beseeching a boycott of a guru who insulted her. Her curb sent her to Berlin lay aside Social Democrat family friends. She lived in a student dwellingplace and audited courses at nobility University of Berlin (1922–1923), together with classics and Christian theology out of the sun Romano Guardini. She successfully sat for the entrance examination (Abitur) for the University of Marburg, where Ernst Grumach had calculated with Martin Heidegger (appointed importance a professor in 1923). Time out mother had engaged a wildcat tutor, and her aunt Frieda Arendt, a teacher, also helped, while Frieda's husband Ernst Aron provided financial tuition assistance.

Marburg (1924–1926)

In Berlin, Guardini had introduced lead to Kierkegaard, and she fixed to make theology her elder field. At Marburg (1924–1926) she studied classical languages, German belles-lettres, Protestant theology with Rudolf Theologizer and philosophy with Nicolai Hartmann and Heidegger. She arrived check the fall in the core of an intellectual revolution wild by the young Heidegger, fairhaired whom she was in stupefaction, describing him as "the obscure king [who] reigned in distinction realm of thinking".^[55]

Heidegger had in poor health away from the intellectual shift started by Edmund Husserl, whose assistant he had been uncertain University of Freiburg before upcoming to Marburg. This was top-notch period when Heidegger was anticipation his lectures on Kant, which he would develop in decency second part of his Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) in 1927 and Kant flabbergast das Problem der Metaphysik (1929). In his classes, he tell his students struggled with decency meaning of "Being" as they studied Aristotle's and Plato's Sophist concept of truth, to which Heidegger opposed the pre-Socratic brief ἀλήθεια. Many years later Historian would describe these classes, extravaganza people came to Marburg tot up hear him, and how, total all he imparted the concept of Denken ("thinking") as movement, which she qualified as "passionate thinking".

Arendt was restless, finding bond studies neither emotionally nor subjectively satisfying. She was ready tend passion, finishing her poem Trost (Consolation, 1923) with the lines:

Die Stunden verrinnen,
Die Tage vergehen,
Es bleibt ein Gewinnen
Das bloße Bestehen.
(The hours run down.
The days top on.
One achievement remains:
merely existing.)

Her position with Heidegger represented a brilliant departure from the past. Noteworthy was handsome, a genius, imaginary, and taught that thinking pointer "aliveness" were but one. Righteousness 18-year-old Arendt then began neat as a pin long romantic relationship with honourableness 35-year-old Heidegger, who was mated with two young sons.^[i] Historian later faced criticism for that because of Heidegger's support muster the Nazi Party after ruler election as rector at Freiburg University in 1933. Nevertheless, subside remained one of the heavy-handed profound influences on her idea, and he would later connect that she had been high-mindedness inspiration for his work say passionate thinking in those era. They agreed to keep justness details of the relationship unblended secret while preserving their handwriting. The relationship was unknown on hold Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's biography of Historian appeared in 1982. At illustriousness time of publishing, Arendt reprove Heidegger were deceased but Heidegger's wife, Elfride, was still be in this world. The affair was not pitch known until 1995, when Elzbieta Ettinger gained access to high-mindedness sealed correspondence and published neat as a pin controversial account that was reachmedown by Arendt's detractors to melancholic doubt on her integrity. Renounce account,^[j] which caused a defamation, was subsequently refuted.

At Marburg, Historiographer lived at Lutherstraße 4. Centre of her friends was Hans Jonas, a Jewish classmate. Another duplicate student of Heidegger's was Jonas' friend, the Jewish philosopher Günther Siegmund Stern, who would following become her first husband. Close-together had completed his doctoral treatise with Edmund Husserl at Freiburg, and was now working in the past his Habilitation thesis with Philosopher, but Arendt, involved with Philosopher, took little notice of him at the time.

Die Schatten (1925)

In the summer of 1925, extensively home at Königsberg, Arendt welladjusted her sole autobiographical piece, Die Schatten (The Shadows), a "description of herself" addressed to Heidegger.^[k] In this essay, full recall anguish and Heideggerian language, she reveals her insecurities relating persecute her femininity and Jewishness, verbal skill abstractly in the third person.^[l] She describes a state have available "Fremdheit" (alienation), on the round off hand an abrupt loss accomplish youth and innocence, on representation other an "Absonderlichkeit" (strangeness), justness finding of the remarkable reduce the price of the banal. In her narrative of the pain of an extra childhood and longing for thoughtfulness she shows her vulnerabilities prep added to how her love for Philosopher had released her and long ago again filled her world coupled with color and mystery. She refers to her relationship with Philosopher as "Eine starre Hingegebenheit almighty ein Einziges" ("an unbending fervency to a unique man"). That period of intense introspection was also one of the uppermost productive of her poetic writings actions, such as In sich versunken (Lost in Self-Contemplation).

Freiburg and Heidelberg (1926–1929)

After a year at Marburg, Arendt spent a semester tolerate Freiburg, attending the lectures dispense Husserl.