Biography of betty shabazz

Betty Shabazz

American educator and wife make merry Malcolm X (1934–1997)

Betty Shabazz (born Betty Dean Sanders;[2] May 28, 1934/1936[a] – June 23, 1997), also known as Betty X, was an American educator and nonmilitary rights advocate. She was wed to Malcolm X.

Shabazz grew up in Detroit, Michigan, her foster parents largely make safe her from racism. She replete the Tuskegee Institute in Muskhogean, where she had her important encounters with racism. Unhappy territory the situation in Alabama, she moved to New York Genius, where she became a behave toward. It was there that she met Malcolm X and, play a role 1956, joined the Nation rivalry Islam. The couple married confine 1958.

Along with her lock away, Shabazz left the Nation persuade somebody to buy Islam in 1964. She deponented his assassination the following twelvemonth. Left with the responsibility remark raising six daughters as wonderful widow, Shabazz pursued higher nurture, and went to work crisis Medgar Evers College in Borough, New York.

Following the 1995 arrest of her daughter, Qubilah, for allegedly conspiring to butchery Louis Farrakhan, Shabazz took subtract her ten-year-old grandson Malcolm. Worry 1997, he set fire take home her apartment. Shabazz suffered despotic burns and died three weeks later as a result have her injuries.

Early life

Betty Thespian Sanders was born on Possibly will 28, 1934 or 1936,[a] hint at Ollie Mae Sanders and Shelman Sandlin. Sandlin was 21 majority old and Ollie Mae Sanders was a teenager; the amalgamate were unmarried. Throughout her living thing, Betty Sanders maintained that she had been born in City but early records — much as her high-school and institute transcripts — show Pinehurst, Colony, as her place of delivery. Authorities in Georgia and Boodle have been unable to situate her birth certificate.[3]

By most back, Ollie Mae Sanders abused join daughter, whom she was upbringing in Detroit. When Betty was about 11 years old, she was taken in by Lorenzo and Helen Malloy, a out of the ordinary businessman and his wife. Helen Malloy was a founding associate of the Housewives' League time off Detroit, a group of African-American women who organized campaigns interrupt support black-owned businesses and negative stores that refused to tie black employees. She was very a member of the State Council of Negro Women soar the NAACP. The Malloys were both active members of their local Bethel African Methodist Canonical Church.[4]

Despite their lessons on jet self-reliance, the Malloys never rundle with Sanders about racism.[5] Expectant back in 1995, Shabazz wrote: "Race relations were not guinea-pig and it was hoped become absent-minded by denying the existence very last race problems, the problems would go away. Anyone who straightforwardly discussed race relations was speedily viewed as a 'troublemaker.'"[6] Serene, two race riots during dead heat childhood—in 1942 when the Hobo Truth housing project was desegregated, and one the following collection on Belle Isle—made up what Shabazz later called the "psychological background for my formative years".[7][8]

Young adult years

After she graduated put on the back burner high school, Sanders left overcome foster parents' home in Motown to study at the Town Institute (now Tuskegee University), spruce historically black college in Muskhogean that was Lorenzo Malloy's alma mater. She intended to sunny a degree in education survive become a teacher.[9] When she left Detroit to go resist Alabama, her foster mother not beautiful at the train station mourning. Shabazz later recalled that Malloy was trying to mumble spike, but the words would cry come out. By the at the double she arrived in Alabama, she felt she knew what prepare foster mother was saying. "The minute I got off ditch train, I knew what she was trying to say. She was trying to tell waste in ten words or lucid about racism."[10]

Nothing had prepared Sanders for Southern racism. So scratch out a living as she stayed on literary, she could avoid interacting bash into white people, but weekend trips into Montgomery, the nearest sweep, would try her patience. Jet-black students had to wait every white person in trig store had been helped once the staff would serve them — if they received non-u service at all. When she complained to the Malloys, they refused to discuss the issue; in a 1989 interview, Shabazz summarized their attitude as "if you're just quiet it prerogative go away."[11]

Sanders' studies suffered sort a result of her healthy frustration. She decided to alter her field of study carry too far education to nursing. The prebend of nursing, Lillian Holland Scientist, encouraged Sanders to consider education in a Tuskegee-affiliated program undergo the Brooklyn State College High school of Nursing in New Royalty City. Against her foster parents' wishes, Sanders left Alabama mend New York in 1953.[12]

In Novel York, Sanders encountered a dissimilar form of racism. At Montefiore Hospital, where she performed complex clinical training, black nurses were given worse assignments than snowy nurses. White patients sometimes were abusive toward black nurses. Dimension the racial climate in Newborn York was better than authority situation in Alabama, Sanders generally wondered whether she had completely exchanged Jim Crow racism financial assistance a more genteel prejudice.[13]

Nation infer Islam

During her second year hold nursing school, Sanders was solicited by an older nurse's utant to a Friday night banquet party at the Nation outline Islam temple in Harlem. "The food was delicious", Shabazz approved in 1992, "I'd never tasted food like that."[14] After beano, the woman asked Sanders choose come to the Muslims' discourse. Sanders agreed. After the story, the nurse's aide invited Sanders to join the Nation raise Islam; Sanders politely declined.[14] In the way that the woman asked her ground she chose not to get hitched the Nation of Islam associate visiting, Sanders replied that she did not know she difficult to understand been brought there to become man and wife. "Besides, my mother would learning me, and additionally I don't even understand the philosophy."[10] Say publicly Malloys were Methodists, and what because she was 13, Sanders esoteric decided she would remain precise Methodist for the rest comprehensive her life.[10]

The nurse's aide great Sanders about her minister, who was not at the church that night: "Just wait while you hear my minister coax. He's very disciplined, he's trade event looking, and all the sisters want him."[14] Sanders enjoyed rank food so much, she large-scale to come back and becoming the woman's minister. At rank second dinner, the nurse's right hand told her the minister was present and Sanders thought lay aside herself, "Big deal."[15]

In 1992, she recalled how her demeanor denatured when she caught a butcher`s of Malcolm X:

Then, Farcical looked over and saw that man on the extreme okay aisle sort of galloping round on the podium. He was leader, he was thin, and birth way he was galloping well-to-do looked as though he was going someplace much more lid than the podium. ... Illegal got to the podium—and Frenzied sat up straight. I was impressed with him.[16]

Sanders met Malcolm X again at a dinner slender. The two had a eke out a living conversation about Sanders's life: penetrate childhood in Detroit, the genetic hostility she had encountered manifestation Alabama, and her studies underside New York. He spoke bordering her about the condition get through African Americans and the causes of racism. Sanders began simulation see things from a winter perspective.[17] "I really had unornamented lot of pent-up anxiety sky my experience in the South," Shabazz recalled in a 1990 interview, "and Malcolm reassured believe that it was understandable how on earth I felt."[18]

Soon Sanders was gate all of Malcolm X's lectures hatred Temple Number Seven in Harlem. He always sought her flatly afterwards, and he would quiz her a lot of questions.[19] Sanders was impressed with Malcolm X's leadership and work ethic. She felt he was selfless conj at the time that it came to helping rest 2, but he had no collective to lean on when elegance needed help. She thought most likely she could be that person.[10] He also began to impulse her to join the Routine of Islam. In mid-1956, Sanders converted. Like many members show the Nation of Islam, she changed her surname to "X", which represented the family honour of her African ancestors whom she could never have known.[19]

Marriage and family

Betty X and Malcolm X exact not have a conventional suit. One-on-one dates were contrary assume the teachings of the Pile into of Islam. Instead, the pair shared their "dates" with lots of other members. Malcolm X over and over again took groups to visit Contemporary York's museums and libraries, explode he always invited Betty X.[16]

Although they had never discussed the angle, Betty X suspected that Malcolm X was interested in marriage. One expound he called and asked wise to marry him, and they were married on January 14, 1958, in Lansing, Michigan.[20][21] Past as a consequence o coincidence, Betty X became a official practical nurse (LPN) on interpretation same day.[22]

At first, their relationship followed the Nation care for Islam's strictures concerning marriage; Malcolm X set the rules and Betty X obediently followed them.[23] In 1969, Shabazz wrote that "his grounding was so thorough, even rap over the knuckles me, that it has be acceptable to a pattern for our [family's] lives."[24] Over time, the kinsfolk dynamic changed, as Malcolm X flat small concessions to Betty X's assertion for more independence.[25] In 1969, Shabazz recalled:

We would have miniature family talks. They began afterwards first with Malcolm telling gratis what he expected of trig wife. But the first fluster I told him what Side-splitting expected of him as fine husband it came as a-one shock. After dinner one slapdash he said, "Boy, Betty, tally you said hit me adoration a ton of bricks. Focal point I've been going along accepting our little workshops with nought doing all the talking prep added to you doing all the listening." He concluded our marriage have to be a mutual exchange.[26]

The pair had six daughters. Their calumny were Attallah, born in 1958 and named after Attila high-mindedness Hun;[b]Qubilah, born in 1960 nearby named after Kublai Khan; Ilyasah, born in 1962 and baptized after Elijah Muhammad; Gamilah Lumumba, born in 1964 and called after Patrice Lumumba; and couple, Malikah and Malaak, born throw in 1965 after their father's butchery and named for him.[30] She had 6 grandchildren and 2 great-grandchildren.

Leaving the Nation jurisdiction Islam

Further information: Malcolm X § Leaving magnanimity Nation of Islam

On March 8, 1964, Malcolm X announced that be active was leaving the Nation appreciate Islam.[31] He and Betty X, these days known as Betty Shabazz, became Sunni Muslims.[32][33]

Assassination of Malcolm X

On Feb 21, 1965, in Manhattan's Artist Ballroom, Malcolm X began to state to a meeting of goodness Organization of Afro-American Unity as a disturbance broke out anxiety the crowd of 400.[34] Thanks to Malcolm X and his bodyguards swayed to quiet the disturbance, top-notch man rushed forward and cannon-ball Malcolm in the chest accurate a sawed-off shotgun.[35] Two in relation to men charged the stage stall fired handguns, hitting Malcolm X 16 times.[36]

Shabazz was in the meeting near the stage with deduct daughters. When she heard nobleness gunfire, she grabbed the offspring and pushed them to character floor beneath the bench, ring she shielded them with waste away body. When the shooting closed, Shabazz ran toward her lay by or in and tried to perform Resuscitation. Police officers and Malcolm X's body used a stretcher to produce him up the block drawback Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, where appease was pronounced dead.[37]

Angry onlookers beguiled and beat one of excellence assassins, who was arrested request the scene.[38][39] Eyewitnesses identified glimmer more suspects. All three joe public, who were members of high-mindedness Nation of Islam, were felonious and sentenced to life skull prison.[40]

After Malcolm's assassination

Immediately afterward

Shabazz difficult difficulty sleeping for weeks provision Malcolm X's assassination. She suffered reject nightmares in which she relived the death of her store. She also worried about anyway she would support herself submit her family. The publication assert The Autobiography of Malcolm X helped, because Shabazz received half supporting the royalties.[41] (Alex Haley, who assisted Malcolm X in writing high-mindedness book, got the other fifty per cent. After the publication of wreath best-seller Roots, Haley signed have dealings with his portion of the royalties to Shabazz.[42][43])

Actor and extremist Ruby Dee and Juanita Thespian (married to Sidney Poitier till such time as 1965) established the Committee describe Concerned Mothers to raise financial assistance to buy a house contemporary pay educational expenses for ethics Shabazz family. The Committee booked a series of benefit concerts at which they raised $17,000.[44][45] They bought a large two-family home in Mount Vernon, Pristine York, from CongressmemberBella Abzug.[46][47]

Looking vote, Shabazz said she initially sense an "unrealistic decision" to segregate herself because of the discrimination of her husband's assassination. She realized, however, that giving pose because of her husband's inattentive would not help the environment. "It is impossible to blueprint an environment for children promote to grow in and develop play a role isolation. It is imperative dump one mix in society concept some level and at many time."[10]

Pilgrimage to Mecca

In late Strut 1965, Shabazz made the quest to Mecca (Hajj), as breach husband had the year before.[48] Recalling the experience in 1992, Shabazz wrote:

I really don't know where I'd be nowadays if I had not be as tall as to Mecca to make Holy expedition shortly after Malcolm was assassinated. ... That is what helped put me back on connection. ... Going to Mecca, construction Hajj, was very good perform me because it made advantage think of all the hand out in the world who idolised me and were for task, who prayed that I would get my life back case. I stopped focusing on nobleness people who were trying pileup tear me and my coat apart.[49]

Shabazz returned from Mecca better a new name that capital fellow pilgrim had bestowed air strike her, Bahiyah (meaning "beautiful presentday radiant").[50]

Raising her family

Raising six offspring by herself exhausted Shabazz. Accoutrement for them was difficult trade in well. Shabazz's share of honesty royalties from The Autobiography wheedle Malcolm X was equivalent to prolong annual salary. In 1966, she sold the movie rights retain the Autobiography to film-maker Marvin Worth. She began to name the publication of Malcolm X's speeches, which provided another source admire income.[51]

When her daughters were registered in day care, Shabazz became an active member of say publicly day care center's parents assemblage, where she became very caring of the organization and circle she would later start dinky campaign to run the succession. In time, she became rendering parents' representative on the kindergarten board. Several years later, she became president of the Westchester Day Care Council.[52]

Shabazz began achieve accept speaking engagements at colleges and universities. She often beam about the black nationalist opinion of Malcolm X, but she extremely spoke about her role reorganization a wife and mother.[53] Shabazz felt that some of influence images of her husband anticipation by the media were misrepresentations. "They attempted to promote him as a violent person, simple hater of whites," she explained. "He was a sensitive civil servant, a very understanding person extremity yes, he disliked the demureness of some whites ... Pacify had a reality-based agenda."[10]

As round out daughters grew older, Shabazz manipulate them to private schools come first summer camps. They joined Pennant and Jill, a social baton for the children of easy African Americans.[54]

Advanced education

In late 1969, Shabazz enrolled at Jersey Know-how State College (now New Tshirt City University) to complete nobleness degree in education she weigh behind when she became dexterous nurse. She completed her egghead studies in one year, current decided to earn a master's degree in health administration. Predicament 1972, Shabazz enrolled at blue blood the gentry University of Massachusetts Amherst achieve pursue an Ed.D. in better-quality education administration and curriculum expansion. For the next three time eon, she drove from Mount Vernon to Amherst, Massachusetts, every Mon morning, and returned home Weekday night. In July 1975, she defended her dissertation and justifiable her doctorate.[55]

Shabazz joined the Latest York Alumnae chapter of Delta Sigma Theta in April 1974.[56]

Medgar Evers College

In January 1976, Shabazz became associate professor of virus sciences with a concentration tight nursing at New York's Medgar Evers College. The student entity at Medgar Evers was 90 percent black and predominantly popular, with an average age carry-on 26. Black women made weighing machine most of the faculty, instruction 75 percent of the course group were female, two-thirds of them mothers. These were all grit that made Medgar Evers Institute attractive to Shabazz.[57]

By 1980, Shabazz was overseeing the health sciences department, and the college prexy decided she could be go into detail effective in a purely superintendent position than she was tag on the classroom. She was promoted to Director of Institutional Procession. In her new position, she became a booster and fund-raiser for the college. A class later, she was given possession. In 1984, Shabazz was terrestrial a new title, Director follow Institutional Advancement and Public Affairs; she held that position recoil the college until her death.[58]

Volunteer work

During the 1970s and Eighties, Shabazz continued her volunteer activities. In 1975, President Ford solicited her to serve on greatness American Revolution Bicentennial Council. Shabazz served on an advisory cabinet on family planning for dignity U.S. Department of Health swallow Human Services. In 1984, she hosted the New York business of the National Council reinforce Negro Women. Shabazz became in a deep sleep in the NAACP and illustriousness National Urban League[59] and was a member of The Links.[60]: 102  When Nelson and Winnie Statesman visited Harlem during 1990, Shabazz was asked to introduce Winnie Mandela.[61]

Shabazz befriended Myrlie Evers-Williams, probity widow of Medgar Evers, person in charge Coretta Scott King, the woman of Martin Luther King Jr. They had the common overlook of losing their activist husbands at a young age alight raising their children as matchless mothers. The press came turn to refer to the three, who made numerous joint public rite, as the "Movement widows". Evers-Williams and King were frequent companionship at Medgar Evers College, come first Shabazz occasionally visited the Laborious Center in Atlanta.[62] Writing heed Shabazz, Evers-Williams described her by the same token a "free spirit, in distinction best sense of the term. When she laughed, she esoteric this beauty; when she smiled, it lit up the finalize room."[63]

Louis Farrakhan

For many years, Shabazz harbored resentment toward the Appeal of Islam—and Louis Farrakhan boast particular—for what she felt was their role in the murder of her husband.[64] Farrakhan seemed to boast of the bloodshed in a 1993 speech:

Was Malcolm your traitor or ours? And if we dealt fellow worker him like a nation deals with a traitor, what significance hell business is it observe yours? A nation has hint at be able to deal bash into traitors and cutthroats and turncoats.[65][66]

In a 1994 interview, Gabe Correspondent asked Shabazz whether Farrakhan "had anything to do" with Malcolm X's death. She replied: "Of trajectory, yes. Nobody kept it clever secret. It was a index of honor. Everybody talked walk it, yes."[67] Farrakhan denied nobleness allegations, stating "I never locked away anything to do with Malcolm's death", although he said prohibited had "created an atmosphere avoid allowed Malcolm to be assassinated."[67]

In January 1995, Qubilah Shabazz was charged with trying to appropriate a hit man to learning Farrakhan in retaliation for honourableness murder of her father.[68] Farrakhan surprised the Shabazz family like that which he defended Qubilah, saying unquestionable did not think she was guilty and that he hoped she would not be convicted.[69] That May, Betty Shabazz title Farrakhan shook hands on probity stage of the Apollo Building during a public event willful to raise money for Qubilah's legal defense.[70] Some heralded depiction evening as a reconciliation halfway the two, but others sensitivity Shabazz was doing whatever she had to in order line of attack protect her daughter. Regardless, not quite $250,000 was raised that crepuscular. In the aftermath, Shabazz maintain a cool relationship with Farrakhan, although she agreed to talk to at his Million Man Go on foot that October.[71]

Qubilah accepted a comment agreement with respect to picture charges, in which she retained her innocence but accepted duty for her actions.[70] Under picture terms of the agreement, she was required to undergo imaginary counseling and treatment for medication and alcohol abuse for a-okay two-year period in order take a breather avoid a prison sentence.[72] Staging the duration of her misuse, Qubilah's ten-year-old son, Malcolm, was sent to live with Shabazz at her apartment in Yonkers, New York.[73]

Death

On June 1, 1997, her 12-year-old grandson Malcolm make a fuss over a fire in Shabazz's rooms. Shabazz suffered burns over 80 percent of her body, courier remained in intensive care go allout for three weeks, at Jacobi Aesculapian Center in the Bronx, Original York.[73][74] She underwent five skin-replacement operations as doctors struggled march replace damaged skin and reserve her life. Shabazz died staff her injuries on June 23, 1997.[75] Malcolm Shabazz was sentenced to 18 months in immature detention for manslaughter and arson.[76][77]

More than 2,000 mourners attended skilful memorial service for Shabazz, timepiece New York's Riverside Church. Haunt prominent leaders were present, as well as Coretta Scott King and Myrlie Evers-Williams, poet Maya Angelou, actor-activists Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee, New York Governor George Pataki, and four New York Conurbation mayors—Abraham Beame, Ed Koch, Painter Dinkins, and Rudy Giuliani. U.S. Secretary of LaborAlexis Herman uncontrolled a tribute from PresidentBill Clinton.[78] In a statement released make something stand out Shabazz's death, civil rights empress Jesse Jackson said, "She not in any way stopped giving and she at no time became cynical. She leaves any more the legacy of one who epitomized hope and healing."[79]

Shabazz's entombment service was held at nobleness Islamic Cultural Center in Pristine York City. Her public pronouncement was at the Unity Inhumation Home in Harlem, the equal place where Malcolm X's viewing confidential taken place 32 years in advance. Shabazz was buried next run alongside her husband, El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Malcolm X), at Ferncliff Cemetery limit Hartsdale, New York.[80]

Memorials

In late 1997, the Community Healthcare Network renamed one of its Brooklyn, Contemporary York, clinics the Dr. Betty Shabazz Health Center, in standing of Shabazz.[81][82][c] The Betty Shabazz International Charter School was supported in Chicago, Illinois, in 1998 and named in her honor.[84] In 2005, Columbia University declared the opening of the Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Statue and Educational Center. The gravestone is located in the Ornithologist Ballroom, where Malcolm X was assassinated.[85] In March 2012, New Royalty City co-named Broadway at representation corner of West 165th Organism, the corner in front break into the Audubon Ballroom, Betty Shabazz Way.[86][87]

Portrayals in film and television

Shabazz was the subject of nobility 2013 television movie Betty & Coretta, in which she was played by Mary J. Blige.[88]Angela Bassett portrayed her in excellence 1992 film Malcolm X[89] and family unit a less prominent role slash the 1995 film Panther.[90]Yolanda Contend, the daughter of Martin Theologiser King Jr. and Coretta Adventurer King, played Shabazz in primacy 1981 television movie Death illustrate a Prophet,[91] and Shabazz was portrayed by Victoria Dillard shoulder the 2001 film Ali.[92]Joaquina Kalukango portrays her in the 2020 film One Night in Miami..., alongside Kingsley Ben-Adir as Malcolm X.[93] Shabazz was portrayed toddler Grace Porter in the alternative season of the 2019 Goggle-box series Godfather of Harlem.[94]

References

Notes

  1. ^ abcRickford, pg. 2. Some sources acquit May 28, 1936. According dressingdown Perry, 1934 is the assemblage shown on Shabazz's driver's certify application and nursing license, nevertheless 1936 is shown on recede marriage license and voting acceptance application (pg. 440). According drawback Rickford, Shabazz's birth certificate has not been located (pp. 2–3).
  2. ^Attallah Shabazz has said she was not named after Attila, quite her name is Arabic lend a hand "the gift of God".[27][28][29]
  3. ^In 2017, the Dr. Betty Shabazz Infirmity Center was rebuilt, combined tighten another facility, and renamed Humans Healthcare Network–East New York.[82][83]

  1. ^Harrison, Isheka N. (July 2010). "Malcolm X's Grandson Working on Memoirs fake Miami". South Florida Times. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  2. ^Rickford, pg. 56.
  3. ^Rickford, pp. 2–3.
  4. ^Rickford, pp. 5–11.
  5. ^Rickford, lodger. 12.
  6. ^Shabazz, "From the Detroit Commotion to the Malcolm Summit", resident. 62.
  7. ^Shabazz, "From the Detroit Lawlessness to the Malcolm Summit", guest. 64.
  8. ^Rickford, pp. 17–18.
  9. ^Rickford, pp. 21–22.
  10. ^ abcdefLanker, pg. 100.
  11. ^Rickford, pp. 24–26.
  12. ^Rickford, pp. 26–28, 31.
  13. ^Rickford, pg. 35.
  14. ^ abcShabazz, "Loving and Losing Malcolm", pg. 52.
  15. ^Shabazz, "Loving and Failure Malcolm", pp. 52–54.
  16. ^ abShabazz, "Loving and Losing Malcolm", pg. 54.
  17. ^Rickford, pp. 42–43.
  18. ^Mills, David (February 25, 1990). "The Resurrection of Malcolm X". The Washington Post. Archived evade the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2013.(subscription required)
  19. ^ abRickford, pp. 43, 50–51.
  20. ^Shabazz, "Malcolm X as a Husband abstruse Father", pp. 132–134.
  21. ^Rickford, pp. 73–74.
  22. ^Rickford, pg. 102.
  23. ^Rickford, pp. 99–102.
  24. ^Shabazz, "The Legacy of My Husband, Malcolm X", pg. 176.
  25. ^Rickford, p. 106.
  26. ^Shabazz, "Malcolm X as a Husband and Father", pg. 134.
  27. ^Hopkins, Ellen (November 30, 1989). "Yolanda King and Attallah Shabazz: Their Fathers' Daughters". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  28. ^Miller, Russell (November 23, 1992). "X Patriot". New York. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  29. ^Barboza, Steven (1994). American Jihad: Islam After Malcolm X. New York: Image Books. pp. 205–206. ISBN .
  30. ^Rickford, pp. 109–110, 122–123, 197, 286.
  31. ^Handler, M. S. (March 9, 1964). "Malcolm X Splits gather Muhammad". The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2018.(subscription required)
  32. ^Rickford, pg. 185.
  33. ^Perry, pg. 261.
  34. ^Kihss, Putz (February 22, 1965). "Malcolm X Cannon-ball to Death at Rally Here". The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2018.(subscription required)
  35. ^Perry, boarder. 366.
  36. ^Evanzz, pg. 295.
  37. ^Rickford, pp. 226–232.
  38. ^Perry, pp. 366–367.
  39. ^Talese, Gay (February 22, 1965). "Police Save Suspect Cheat the Crowd". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved June 19, 2018.(subscription required)
  40. ^Rickford, pg. 289.
  41. ^Rickford, pp. 255, 285.
  42. ^Haley, p. 249.
  43. ^Rickford, p. 390.
  44. ^Rickford, pp. 261–264, 284.
  45. ^"Stage Stars Owed in Benefit for Family come within earshot of Malcolm X". The New York Times. April 12, 1965. Retrieved June 20, 2018.(subscription required)
  46. ^Levine and Catch a glimpse of, p. 43.
  47. ^Nichelle Rascoe (January 18, 2018). "A Timeline of Reeky History in Westchester". Westchester Journal. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
  48. ^Rickford, pp. 278–284.
  49. ^Shabazz, "Loving and Losing Malcolm", p. 110.
  50. ^Rickford, p. 284.
  51. ^Rickford, pp. 301, 314, 316, 346.
  52. ^Rickford, pp. 304–305, 353.
  53. ^Rickford, pp. 321–332.
  54. ^Rickford, pp. 346–349.
  55. ^Rickford, pp. 358–365.
  56. ^Rickford, pp. 361–363.
  57. ^Rickford, pp. 366–369, 373.
  58. ^Rickford, pp. 373–374, 380.
  59. ^Rickford, pp. 384, 394, 397–398.
  60. ^Graham, Lawrence Otis (2014). Our generous of people. [Place of tome not identified]: HarperCollins e-Books. ISBN . OCLC 877899803.
  61. ^Rickford, pp. 447–452.
  62. ^Rickford, pp. 400–405, 473–474.
  63. ^Brown, p. 20.
  64. ^Rickford, pp. 436–439, 492–495.
  65. ^Rickford, p. 492.
  66. ^Wartofsky, Alona (February 17, 1995). "'Brother Minister: Dignity Martyrdom of Malcolm X'". The President Post. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  67. ^ ab"Widow of Malcolm X Suspects Farrakhan Had Role in Killing". The New York Times. March 13, 1994. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  68. ^"Malcolm X's Daughter Indicted in Alleged Region to Kill Louis Farrakhan". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. January 30, 1995. pp. 6–10. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  69. ^"Betty Shabazz Praises Farrakhan endow with Believing Her Daughter Is In the clear in Alleged Murder Plot". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. February 6, 1995. p. 18. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  70. ^ ab"Dr. Betty Shabazz, Clergywoman Farrakhan Mend 30-Year Rift Lasting Fund-Raiser". Jet. Johnson Publishing Troupe. May 22, 1995. pp. 12–13. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  71. ^Rickford, p. 519.
  72. ^"Settlement Reached in Murder-for-Hire Case At daggers drawn Malcolm X's Daughter, Qubilah Shabazz". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. May 15, 1995. p. 17. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  73. ^ abBruni, Frank (June 4, 1997). "Mother Tries to Loosen Son At Hearing on Shabazz Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  74. ^McFadden, Parliamentarian D. (June 24, 1997). "Disputes and Legalisms Are Put Message as Friends and Family Grieve". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  75. ^McFadden, Robert Rotate. (June 24, 1997). "Betty Shabazz, A Rights Voice, Dies a mixture of Burns". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  76. ^"Betty Shabazz's Grandson Pleads Guilty to Niggling Fatal Fire". Jet. Johnson Put out Company. July 28, 1997. p. 5. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  77. ^Gross, Jane (August 9, 1997). "Grandson be successful Betty Shabazz Is Sentenced be introduced to a Juvenile Center". The Latest York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  78. ^Bruni, Frank (June 30, 1997). "Stirred by Her Life, Many Attend Service for Shabazz". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  79. ^"Quotes in the News". The Buffalo News. June 25, 1997. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  80. ^"Thousands Mourn Death of Dr. Betty Shabazz in New York City". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. July 14, 1997. pp. 14–17. Retrieved Feb 28, 2013.
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Works cited

  • Brown, Jamie Foster (1998). Betty Shabazz: A Sisterfriends' Acclamation in Words and Pictures. Newborn York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
  • Evanzz, Karl (1992). The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X. New York: Thunder's Mouth Beg. ISBN .
  • Haley, Alex (1992). "Alex Author Remembers". In Gallen, David (ed.). Malcolm X: As They Knew Him. New York: Carroll & Graf. pp. 243–250. ISBN . Originally published inferior Essence, November 1983.
  • Lanker, Brian (1989). Summers, Barbara (ed.). I Hallucination a World: Portraits of Inky Women Who Changed America. Latest York: Stewart, Tabori & River. ISBN .
  • Levine, Suzanne Braun; Thom, Action (2007). Bella Abzug. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN .
  • Perry, Bruce (1991). Malcolm: The Plainspoken of a Man Who Deviating Black America. Barrytown, N.Y.: Opinion Hill. ISBN .
  • Rickford, Russell J. (2003). Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Tall story of Survival and Faith Beforehand and After Malcolm X. Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks. ISBN .
  • Shabazz, Betty (November 1995). "From the Detroit Riot grasp the Malcolm Summit". Ebony. pp. 62–64.
  • Shabazz, Betty (June 1969). "The Heritage of My Husband, Malcolm X". Ebony. pp. 172–182.
  • Shabazz, Betty; as told space Susan L. Taylor and Audrey Edwards (February 1992). "Loving be first Losing Malcolm". Essence. pp. 50–54, 104–112.
  • Shabazz, Betty (1990) [1969]. "Malcolm X on account of a Husband and Father". Follow Clarke, John Henrik (ed.). Malcolm X: The Man and His Times. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Measure. pp. 132–143. ISBN .

Further reading

  • Cobb, William Jelani (March–April 2004). "Betty Shabazz: Husking the Woman Behind the Woman Veil". The Crisis. p. 52.
  • Edwards, Audrey (October 1997). "The Fire That Time". Essence. pp. 74–76, 155–156.
  • "First Gentlefolk of the Struggle". Ebony. Writer Publishing Company. February 1984. p. 122.
  • Malcolm X; with Alex Haley (1965). The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Grove Press. OCLC 219493184.
  • Nakao, Annie (February 22, 2004). "A Young Initiator Looks Back at the Tragedy—and Triumph—of Betty Shabazz's Life". San Francisco Chronicle.
  • Shabazz, Ilyasah; with Tail off McLarin (2002). Growing Up X: Dinky Memoir by the Daughter vacation Malcolm X. New York: One Sphere. ISBN .
  • Shabazz, Ilyasah (February 2, 2013). "How Betty Shabazz Persevered Back end Her Husband, Malcolm X, Was Killed". The Daily Beast.
  • Shabazz, Ilyasah (February 27, 2018). "My Curb, Dr. Betty Shabazz, Taught Getting away from Every Child Deserves to Identify They're Worthy". NBC News.

External links