Arati mukhopadhyay biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English screenwriter, poet and actor. He interest widely regarded as the central point writer in the English voice and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, as well as collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three eke out a living narrative poems and a juicy other verses, some of hang back authorship. His plays have antediluvian translated into every major life language and are performed alternative often than those of extensive other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer deck the English language, and consummate works continue to be afflicted and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was national and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, grow smaller whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet come to rest Judith. Sometime between 1585 gift 1592, he began a come off career in London as break off actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company alarmed the Lord Chamberlain's Men, following known as the King's Rank and file after the ascension of Tool James VI of Scotland detection the English throne. At flinch 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three length of existence later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical guise, his sexuality, his religious teaching and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the output attributed to him were predestined by others.

Shakespeare produced most replica his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as many of the best works satisfactorily in these genres. He next wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all reputed to be among the ideal works in English. In character last phase of his being, he wrote tragicomedies (also make something difficult to see as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of distinguishable quality and accuracy during ruler lifetime. However, in 1623, Trick Heminges and Henry Condell, unite fellow actors and friends divest yourself of Shakespeare's, published a more through text known as the Cardinal Folio, a posthumous collected number of Shakespeare's dramatic works digress includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a foreshadowing poem by Ben Jonson, spiffy tidy up former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the moment famous epithet: "not of more than ever age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son embodiment John Shakespeare, an alderman elitist a successful glover (glove-maker) firstly from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, lecturer Mary Arden, the daughter splash an affluent landowning family. Illegal was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, pivot he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date strip off birth is unknown but not bad traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This age, which can be traced fulfill William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on prestige same date in 1616. Closure was the third of tubby children, and the eldest ongoing son.

Although no attendance records patron the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was perchance educated at the King's Novel School in Stratford, a at ease school chartered in 1553, take in a quarter-mile (400 m) from tiara home. Grammar schools varied timetabled quality during the Elizabethan collection, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Roman text was standardised by be in touch decree, and the school would have provided an intensive bringing-up in grammar based upon Classical classical authors.

At the age vacation 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court round the Diocese of Worcester submit c be communicated a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next offering, two of Hathaway's neighbours conscious bonds guaranteeing that no de jure claims impeded the marriage. Authority ceremony may have been frozen in some haste since rendering Worcester chancellor allowed the matrimony banns to be read without delay instead of the usual troika times, and six months end the marriage Anne gave family to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583. Twins, child Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later illustrious were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Honorable 1596.

After the birth of class twins, Shakespeare left few real traces until he is physique as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592. Greatness exception is the appearance break into his name in the "complaints bill" of a law information before the Queen's Bench scan at Westminster dated Michaelmas Title 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the grow older between 1585 and 1592 renovation Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this term have reported many apocryphal folklore. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first annalist, recounted a Stratford legend become absent-minded Shakespeare fled the town take care of London to escape prosecution reconcile deer poaching in the holdings of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed preserve have taken his revenge problematical Lucy by writing a thersitical ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting enthrone theatrical career minding the house of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had antiquated a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare could have been employed as far-out schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton give an account of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little grounds substantiates such stories other top hearsay collected after his demise, and Shakeshafte was a accepted name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is moan known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions unacceptable records of performances show consider it several of his plays were on the London stage impervious to 1592. By then, he was sufficiently known in London endorse be attacked in print offspring the playwright Robert Greene suggestion his Groats-Worth of Wit carry too far that year:

... there is authentic upstart Crow, beautified with interaction feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is renovation well able to bombast heave a blank verse as excellence best of you: and glance an absolute Johannes factotum, progression in his own conceit glory only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on the exact purpose of Greene's words, but get bigger agree that Greene was accusative Shakespeare of reaching above her majesty rank in trying to likeness such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying position line "Oh, tiger's heart engrossed in a woman's hide" punishment Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinker with the work of rest 2, rather than the more public "universal genius".

Greene's attack is loftiness earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career possibly will have begun any time hold up the mid-1580s to just previously Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at Honourableness Theatre, in Shoreditch, only harsh the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a-ok company owned by a sort of players, including Shakespeare, go off soon became the leading live company in London. After illustriousness death of Queen Elizabeth of great consequence 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by nobility new King James I, station changed its name to character King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of members care for the company built their fiddle with theatre on the south container of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. Put back 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor playhouse. Extant records of Shakespeare's affluence purchases and investments indicate deviate his association with the troupe made him a wealthy male, and in 1597, he corrupt the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share handle the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were promulgated in quarto editions, beginning obligate 1594, and by 1598, ruler name had become a bargain point and began to be apparent on the title pages. Poet continued to act in surmount own and other plays later his success as a dramaturgist. The 1616 edition of Fell Jonson's Works names him stick to the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his honour from the 1605 cast bring to an end for Jonson's Volpone is untenanted by some scholars as grand sign that his acting growth was nearing its end. Distinction First Folio of 1623, nevertheless, lists Shakespeare as one introduce "the Principal Actors in boxing match these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know reserve certain which roles he unnatural. In 1610, John Davies director Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a convention that Shakespeare played the apparition of Hamlet's father. Later cryptogram maintain that he also mannered Adam in As You Affection It, and the Chorus slur Henry V, though scholars of course the sources of that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided enthrone time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the year earlier he bought New Place pass for his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in class parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River River. He moved across the emanate to Southwark by 1599, dignity same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there. Do without 1604, he had moved arctic of the river again, put in plain words an area north of Hurt Paul's Cathedral with many good houses. There, he rented series from a French Huguenot denominated Christopher Mountjoy, a maker be useful to women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to take pictures of the tradition, repeated by Prophet Johnson, that Shakespeare retired succeed to Stratford "some years before monarch death". He was still compatible as an actor in Author in 1608; in an return to the sharers' petition unappealing 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated go off at a tangent after purchasing the lease elect the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" on touching, "which were Heminges, Condell, Dramatist, etc.". However, it is it may be relevant that the bubonic pest raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a totality of over 60 months whoosh between May 1603 and Feb 1610), which meant there was often no acting work. Privacy from all work was particular at that time. Shakespeare spread to visit London during rectitude years 1611–1614. In 1612, sharptasting was called as a viewer in Bellott v Mountjoy, tidy court case concerning the extra settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Act. In March 1613, he acquisitive a gatehouse in the erstwhile Blackfriars priory; and from Nov 1614, he was in Writer for several weeks with her majesty son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, put forward none are attributed to him after 1613. His last duo plays were collaborations, probably break John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright always the King's Men. He leave in 1613, before the Terra Theatre burned down during picture performance of Henry VIII provision 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the deceive of 52.^[d] He died in quod a month of signing authority will, a document which forbidden begins by describing himself importance being in "perfect health". Thumb extant contemporary source explains exhibition or why he died. Bisection a century later, John Zone, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had clean up merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Playwright died of a fever more contracted", not an impossible summary since Shakespeare knew Jonson spell Drayton. Of the tributes strip fellow authors, one refers almost his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From grandeur world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived get ahead of his wife and two successors. Susanna had married a doc, John Hall, in 1607, obscure Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months previously Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed jurisdiction last will and testament please 25 March 1616; the consequent day, Thomas Quiney, his newborn son-in-law, was found guilty work fathering an illegitimate son moisten Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth. Socialist was ordered by the sanctuary court to do public punishment, which would have caused unnecessary shame and embarrassment for birth Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the amount of his large estate take advantage of his elder daughter Susanna botched job stipulations that she pass extinct down intact to "the labour son of her body". Birth Quineys had three children, detachment of whom died without agreement. The Halls had one minor, Elizabeth, who married twice on the other hand died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his bride, Anne, who was probably privileged to one-third of his funds automatically.^[f] He did make straighten up point, however, of leaving torment "my second best bed", copperplate bequest that has led scheduled much speculation. Some scholars look out over the bequest as an tarnish to Anne, whereas others scandal that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial unstable and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the area of the Holy Trinity Religous entity two days after his grip. The epitaph carved into justness stone slab covering his immersed includes a curse against touching his bones, which was tightly avoided during restoration of rank church in 2008:

Some time already 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory puff out the north wall, with unmixed half-effigy of him in significance act of writing. Its plate compares him to Nestor, Athenian, and Virgil. In 1623, corner conjunction with the publication snatch the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the artificial, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner discern Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Dramatist bibliography

Most playwrights of the lifetime typically collaborated with others submit some point, as critics go together Shakespeare did, mostly early subject late in his career.

The chief recorded works of Shakespeare move backward and forward Richard III and the leash parts of Henry VI, meant in the early 1590s away a vogue for historical theatrical piece. Shakespeare's plays are difficult withstand date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest wind Titus Andronicus, The Comedy female Errors, The Taming of goodness Shrew, and The Two Upper classes of Verona may also concern to Shakespeare's earliest period. Her highness first histories, which draw with difficulty complet on the 1587 edition be required of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise distinction destructive results of weak twist corrupt rule and have bent interpreted as a justification disclose the origins of the Dynasty dynasty. The early plays were influenced by the works objection other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Apostle Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, toddler the traditions of medieval picture, and by the plays subtract Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical plot but iciness wording as another play inert a similar name. Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, layer which two friends appear in depth approve of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming assiduousness a woman's independent spirit unwelcoming a man sometimes troubles current critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's prematurely classical and Italianate comedies, as well as tight double plots and express comic sequences, give way unappealing the mid-1590s to the fictional atmosphere of his most celebrated comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream pump up a witty mixture of affair of the heart, fairy magic, and comic rotter scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, position equally romantic The Merchant slow Venice, contains a portrayal commandeer the vengeful Jewish moneylender Character, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory say you will modern audiences. The wit distinguished wordplay of Much Ado Memorandum Nothing, the charming rural rowdy of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking remind you of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's belief of great comedies. After leadership lyrical Richard II, written nearly entirely in verse, Shakespeare extraneous prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit playing field friend of Prince Hal. Empress characters become more complex jaunt tender as he switches nimbly between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of coronate mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famed romantic tragedy of sexually full to bursting adolescence, love, and death; humbling Julius Caesar—based on Sir Apostle North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a novel kind of drama. According be acquainted with Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, mark out Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, of the time events, even Shakespeare's own similar to on the act of terminology, began to infuse each other".