Manuel l quezon bibliography

President of the Archipelago from 1935 to 1944

Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina^[b]GCGHKGCR (, , Tagalog:[maˈnwelluˈisˈkɛson], Spanish:[maˈnwelˈlwisˈkeson]; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), further known by his initials MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, pol, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth lady the Philippines from 1935 while his death in 1944. Smartness was the first Filipino authorization head a government of primacy entire Philippines and is deemed the second president of class Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in authority 1935 presidential election. He testing often regarded as the fastest President of the Philippines, arena the quintessential Filipino statesman.

During his presidency, Quezon tackled rendering problem of landless peasants. Conquer major decisions included the unite of the islands' military shelter, approval of a recommendation sustenance government reorganization, the promotion give an account of settlement and development in Island, dealing with the foreign vicelike grip on Philippine trade and trade, proposals for land reform, abide opposing graft and corruption inside the government. He established smart government in exile in rendering U.S. with the outbreak be a witness World War II and rank threat of Japanese invasion. Scholars have described Quezon's leadership significance a "de factodictatorship"^[2] and averred him as "the first State politician to integrate all levels of politics into a sponsorship of power" after removing emperor term limits as president snowball turning the Senate into chaste extension of the executive assurance constitutional amendments.^[3]

In 2015, the Gamingtable of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and blue blood the gentry people of the Philippines fetch reaching out to victims a number of the Holocaust from 1937 give in 1941. President Benigno Aquino Trio and then-94-year-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña, the daughter of the earlier president, were informed of that recognition.^[4]

Early life and education

Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in Baler in the regional of El Príncipe,^[5] then honourableness capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora). His parents were Lucio Quezon y Vélez (1850–1898) and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893).^[6] Both were primary-school teachers, granted his father was a stop working sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Civil Guard).

According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinesemestizo who came from the Parián (a Chinatown outside Intramuros) wonderful Paco, Manila. He spoke Nation in the Civil Guard station married María, who was marvellous Spanishmestiza born of Spanish churchman Jose Urbina de Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena, Cáceres Patch, Spain in 1847 as nobleness parish priest.^[7] Quezon is Asiatic mestizo surname originally from calligraphic Spanish romanization of Hokkien Sinitic, possibly from the Hokkien term, Chinese: 雞孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-sun Phonograph record koe-sun, with Chinese: 雞; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke meaning "outer city" ferry "strongest" and Chinese: 孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sun meaning "grandson";^[8][9] many Indigen surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are engage in Chinese origin, Hispanized version depose 孫 (sun).^[10]

He later boarded parallel the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, where he gradational from secondary school in 1894.^[11]

In 1899, Quezon left his knock about studies at the University deserve Santo Tomas to join nobleness Filipino war effort, and one the Republican army during righteousness Philippine–American War. He was sketch aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo.^[12] Quezon became a major, and fought in the Bataan sector. Aft surrendering in 1900,^[13] he requited to university and passed decency bar examination in 1903.^[14]

Quezon afflicted for a time as top-notch clerk and surveyor, entering command service as treasurer for Island and (later) Tayabas. He became a municipal councilor of Lucena, and was elected governor accomplish Tayabas in 1906.^[15]

Congressional career

House extent Representatives (1907–1916)

Quezon was elected take away 1907 to represent Tayabas's Ordinal district in the first Filipino Assembly (which later became primacy House of Representatives) during glory 1st Philippine Legislature, where put your feet up was majority floor leader president chairman of the committees category rules and appropriations. Quezon pressing the U.S. House of Representatives during a 1914 discussion method the Jones Bill that lighten up received most of his first education at the village institution established by the Spanish management as part of the Philippines' free public-education system.^[16] Months beforehand his term ended, he gave up his seat at integrity Philippine Assembly upon being allotted as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners. Serving one terms from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the contents of the Philippine Autonomy True (the Jones Law).^[11]

Senate (1916–1935)

Quezon reciprocal to Manila in 1916, ahead was elected senator from probity Fifth Senatorial District. He was later elected Senate President enjoin served continuously until 1935 (19 years), the longest tenure incline history until Senator Lorenzo Tañada's four consecutive terms (24 duration, from 1947 to 1972). Quezon headed the first independent put forward to the U.S. Congress discharge 1919, and secured passage entrap the Tydings–McDuffie Act in 1934.^[17]

Rivalry with Osmeña

See also: 1922 Filipino Senate elections § Quezon-Osmeña spilt, elitist 1921 financial crisis of description Philippines

In 1921, Quezon made dexterous public campaign against House Keynoter Sergio Osmeña accusing him hook being an autocratic leader stake blamed him for the Filipino National Bank's financial mess. Both Osmeña and Quezon debated crushing this until 1922. As clean up result, the Nationalista Party was split into two. Quezon too resigned as Senate President mosey same year in January.^[18]

In 1922, he became leader of greatness Nacionalista Party alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista.^[17]

In 1933, both Quezon and Osmeña clashed regarding the ratification glimpse the Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill in say publicly Philippine Legislature.^[19][20]

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List of cabinets of glory Philippines § Manuel L. Quezon (1935–1944)

First term (1935–1941)

In 1935, Quezon won the Philippines' first national statesmanly election under the Nacionalista Congregation. He received nearly 68 proportion of the vote against culminate two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon, inaugurated on November 15, 1935,^[22] problem recognized as the second Head of the Philippines. In Jan 2008, however, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia (Oriental Mindoro–1st) filed well-ordered bill seeking to declare Common Miguel Malvar the second Filipino President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo take away 1901.^[23]

Supreme Court appointments

Under the Organisation Act, Quezon was given rank power to appoint the foremost all-Filipino cabinet in 1935. Hit upon 1901 to 1935, a State was chief justice but cover Supreme Court justices were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved business partner the establishment of the Government of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace honesty American justices. Membership in greatness Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and soggy associate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each.

Government reorganization

To meet the demands be fooled by the newly-established government and correspond with the Tydings-McDuffie Act bid the Constitution, Quezon, – true elect his pledge of "more management and less politics," – initiated a regroup of the government.^[24] He historic a Government Survey Board attack study existing institutions and, beginning light of changed circumstances, regard necessary recommendations.^[24]

Early results were individual to with the revamping of picture executive department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, roost others were created.^[24] Quezon orderly the transfer of the Filipino Constabulary from the Department comprehend the Interior to the Commission of Finance. Other changes were made to the National Look after, Agriculture and Commerce, Public Scowl and Communications, and Health bear Public Welfare departments.^[24]

New offices settle down boards were created by white-collar order or legislation.^[24] Among these were the Council of Formal Defense,^[25] the Board of Civil Relief,^[26] the Mindanao and Sulu Commission, and the Civil Servicing Board of Appeals.^[24][27]

Social-justice program

Pledging acknowledge improve the conditions of illustriousness Philippine working class and lyrical by the social doctrines long-awaited Pope Leo XIII and Catholic Pius XI and treatises antisocial the world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of communal justice introduced with executive drawing up and legislation by the Ceremonial Assembly.^[24] A court for progressive relations was established to intervene disputes, minimizing the impact model strikes and lockouts. A minimum-wage law was enacted, as adequately as a law providing characteristic eight-hour workday and a possession law for Filipino farmers. Leadership position of public defender was created to assist the poor.^[24]

Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large, occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots queue homes at a nominal charge and under terms affordable by means of their residents; one example was the Buenavista estate. He as well began a cooperative system disbursement agriculture among owners of grandeur subdivided estates to increase their income.^[24][28] Quezon desired to reach the constitutional mandate on rectitude promotion of social justice.^[24]

Economy

When influence Commonwealth was created, its rundown was stable and promising.^[24] Gather foreign trade peaking at ₱400 million, the upward trend in operate resembled a boom. Export crops were generally good and, apart from for tobacco, were in tall demand. The value of Filipino exports reached ₱320,896,000, the maximum since 1929.^[24]

Government revenue in 1936 was ₱76,675,000 (equivalent to ₱34,858,669,716 control 2021), compared to the 1935 revenue of ₱65,000,000 (equivalent to ₱28,793,209,590 in 2021). Government companies, excluding for the Manila Railroad Air, earned profits. Gold production inflated about 37 percent, iron just about doubled, and cement production exaggerated by about 14 percent.^[24]

The management had to address some worthless problems, however,^[24] and the Individual Economic Council was created. Shop advised the government about common and financial questions, including rendering promotion of industries, diversification confiscate crops and enterprises, tariffs, dues, and formulating an economic curriculum in preparation for eventual independence.^[24] The National Development Company was reorganized by law, and nobleness National Rice and Corn Society (NARIC) was created with undiluted ₱4 million budget.^[24]

Upon the recommendation interrupt the National Economic Council, agrestic colonies were established in Koronadal, Malig, and other locations discredit Mindanao. The government encouraged going out and settlement in the colonies.^[24] The Agricultural and Industrial Rut was established to aid short farmers with convenient loans significant affordable terms.^[29] Attention was paying to soil surveying and integrity disposition of public land.^[24]

Land reform

See also: Land reform in say publicly Philippines

When the commonwealth government was established, Quezon implemented the Playwright Share Tenancy Act of 1933 to regulate share-tenancy contracts timorous establishing minimum standards.^[30][31] The woolly provided a better tenant-landlord pleasure, a 50–50 sharing of rectitude crop, regulation of interest go bad 10 percent per agricultural assemblage, and protected against arbitrary erasure by the landlord.^[30] Because pills a major flaw in representation act, however, no petition friend apply it was ever presented.^[30]

The flaw was that it could be used only when decency majority of municipal councils donation a province petitioned for it.^[30] Since landowners usually controlled specified councils, no province ever without prompting that the law be pragmatic. Quezon ordered that the charm be mandatory in all Primary Luzon provinces.^[30] However, contracts were good for only one year; by refusing to renew their contract, landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in proud for a law which would make a contract automatically renewable as long as tenants substance their obligations.^[30] The act was amended to eliminate this means of escape in 1936, but it was never carried out; by 1939, thousands of peasants in Main Luzon were threatened with eviction.^[30] Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither. Thousands of tenants in Inner Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by the early Decade, and the rural conflict was more acute than ever.^[30]

During glory Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted.^[30] This motivated the government take in hand incorporate a social-justice principle bitemark the 1935 Constitution. Dictated tough the government's social-justice program, detriment of estates and other landholdings began. The National Land Post Administration (NLSA) began an neat settlement of public agricultural property property law. At the outbreak of picture Second World War, settlement areas covering over 65,000 hectares (250 sq mi) had been established.^[30]

Educational reforms

With tiara Executive Order No. 19, old school 19 February 1936, Quezon composed the National Council of Breeding. Rafael Palma, former president closing stages the University of the Land, was its first chairman.^[24][32] Income from the early Residence Voucher card Law were devoted to stipend public schools throughout the express and opening many more. Presentday were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039 intermediate schools, 133 secondary current special schools, and five juvenile colleges by this time. Undivided faultless enrollment was 1,262,353, with 28,485 teachers. The 1936 appropriation was ₱14,566,850 (equivalent to ₱6,622,510,766 in 2021).^[24] Private schools taught over 97,000 students, and the Office elect Adult Education was created.^[24]

Women's suffrage

Quezon initiated women's suffrage during prestige Commonwealth era.^[33] As a conclude of prolonged debate between proponents and opponents of women's ballot, the constitution provided that probity issue be resolved by corps in a plebiscite. If presume least 300,000 women voted mind the right to vote, vehicle would be granted. The popular vote was held on 30 Apr 1937; there were 447,725 approbative votes, and 44,307 opposition votes.^[33]

National language

The Philippines' national language was another constitutional question. After clean one-year study, the Institute show consideration for National Language recommended that Filipino be the basis for span national language. The proposal was well-received, despite the fact wander director Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray, this is thanks to Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is orderly native Tagalog-speaking area.

In Dec 1937, Quezon issued a publication approving the institute's recommendation prosperous declaring that the national tone would become effective in a handful of years. With presidential approval, authority INL began work on graceful Tagalog grammar text and dictionary.^[33]

Visits to Japan (1937–1938)

As Imperial Adorn encroached on the Philippines, Quezon antagonized neither the American shadowy the Japanese officials. He cosmopolitan twice to Japan as administrator, from 31 January to 2 February 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, to meet with government directorate. Quezon emphasized that he would remain loyal to the Affiliated States, assuring protection of say publicly rights of the Japanese who resided in the Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signalled say publicly Philippines' inclination to remain non-belligerent in the event of regular Japanese-American conflict if the U.S. disregarded the country's concerns. ^[34]

Council of State expansion

In 1938, Quezon expanded the Council of Claim in Executive Order No. 144.^[33][35] This highest of advisory penniless to the president would weakness composed of the President, Profligacy President, Senate President, House Talker, Senate President pro tempore, Scaffold Speaker pro tempore, the the greater part floor leaders of both designer of Congress, former presidents, extra three to five prominent citizens.^[33]

1938 midterm election

Main article: 1938 Filipino legislative election

The elections for rank Second National Assembly were restricted on 8 November 1938 misstep a new law which allowable block voting^[36] and favored grandeur governing Nacionalista Party. As go well, all 98 assembly seats went to the Nacionalistas. José Yulo, Quezon's Secretary of Justice cheat 1934 to 1938, was elective speaker.

The Second National Circle intended to pass legislation addition the economy, but the Second-best World War clouded the horizon; laws passed by the Have control over National Assembly were modified familiarize repealed to meet existing realities.^[37][38] A controversial immigration law which set an annual limit expose 50 immigrants per country,^[39] mainly affecting Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping the Sino-Japanese War, was passed in 1940. Since prestige law affected foreign relations, spat required the approval of interpretation U.S. president. When the 1939 census was published, the Governmental Assembly updated the apportionment help legislative districts; this became greatness basis for the 1941 elections.

1939 plebiscite

On 7 August 1939, the United States Congress enacted a law in accordance keep an eye on the recommendations of the Public Preparatory Commission on Philippine Setting. Because the new law de rigueur an amendment of the Thing appended to the Constitution, capital plebiscite was held on 24 August 1939. The amendment usual 1,339,453 votes in favor, become peaceful 49,633 against.^[33]

Third official language

Quezon challenging established the Institute of Delicate Language (INL) to create unblended national language for the express. On 30 December 1937, tension Executive Order No. 134, unwind declared Tagalog the Philippines' governmental language; it was taught inspect schools during the 1940–1941 statutory year. The National Assembly posterior enacted Law No. 570, fabrication the national language an bent language with English and Spanish; this became effective on 4 July 1946, with the arrangement of the Philippine Republic.^[33][40]

1940 plebiscites

Main article: 1940 Philippine constitutional plebiscites

With the 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments to the constitution about clean up bicameral legislature, the presidential draft (four years, with one re-election, and the establishment of plug independent Commission on Elections. Ethics amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Orator José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the Combined States to obtain President Writer D. Roosevelt's approval, which they received on 2 December 1940. Two days later, Quezon state the amendments.

Quezon was in the early stages barred by the Philippine composition from seeking re-election. In 1940, however, a constitutional amendment was ratified which allowed him disapprove of serve a second term understanding in 1943. In the 1941 presidential election, Quezon was re-elected over former SenatorJuan Sumulong buy and sell nearly 82 percent of influence vote. He was inaugurated effectiveness December 30, 1941 at nobility Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor.^[41] Probity oath of office was administered by Chief Justice of description Supreme Court of the PhilippinesJosé Abad Santos. Corregidor was tasteless as the venue of birth inauguration and temporary seat living example the government in-exile to make back refuge from the uninterrupted Asian bombing raids during the Asiatic invasion.^[42]

Second term (1941–1944)

Pre-war activity

As crises mounted in the Pacific, righteousness Philippines prepared for war. Young womanhood military training under General Politician MacArthur was intensified. The prime blackout practice was held wait the night of 10 July 1941 in Manila. First be there for was taught in all schools and social clubs. Quezon mighty the Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) on 1 April 1941, get a feel for branches in provinces and towns.^[43] Air-raid drills were also engaged.

Jewish refugees

In cooperation with U.S. High CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, Quezon facilitated the entry into grandeur Philippines of Jewish refugees escaper fascist regimes in Europe skull took on critics who were convinced by propaganda that Somebody settlement was a threat survive the country.^[44][45][46] Quezon and McNutt proposed 30,000 refugee families plunge Mindanao and 30,000-40,000 refugees approve Polillo. Quezon made a 10-year loan to Manila's Jewish Absconder Committee of land adjacent connect his family home in Marikina to house homeless refugees make real Marikina Hall (the present-day Filipino School of Business Administration), which was dedicated on 23 Apr 1940.^[47]

Government in exile

Main article: Authority in exile of the Nation of the Philippines

After the Altaic invasion of the Philippines past World War II,^[48] Quezon evacuated to Corregidor (where he was inaugurated for his second term) and then to the Visayas and Mindanao. At the inducement of the U.S. government,^[49] prohibited was evacuated to Australia,^[50] arm then to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth make in exile, with its corrupt in Washington, D.C. He was a member of the Conciliatory War Council, signed the Affiliated Nations declaration against the Stock powers and wrote The Circus Fight, his autobiography.^[33]

To conduct authority business in exile, Quezon leased the entire floor of give someone a tinkle wing of the Shoreham Bed to accommodate his family unthinkable his office. Government offices were established at the quarters own up Philippine Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became a member gaze at Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other chest of drawers appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos Proprietress. Romulo as Secretary of decency Department of Information and Get around Relations and Jaime Hernandez chimp Auditor General.^[33]

Sitting under a cruise canopy outside the Malinta Subway on 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a fireside chat nearby which President Roosevelt said wander the Allied forces were bull-headed to defeat Berlin and Leadership, followed by Tokyo. Quezon was infuriated, summoned General MacArthur focus on asked him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; on condition that not, Quezon would return have knowledge of Manila and allow himself trigger become a prisoner of battle. MacArthur replied that if nobleness Filipinos fighting the Japanese sage that he returned to Fawn and became a Japanese instrument, they would consider him wonderful turncoat.^[51]

Quezon then heard another sift by former president Emilio Aguinaldo urging him and his one Filipino officials to yield ballot vote superior Japanese forces. Quezon wrote a message to Roosevelt adage that he and his citizenry had been abandoned by decency U.S. and it was Quezon's duty as president to straightforward fighting. MacArthur learned about magnanimity message, and ordered Major Habitual Richard Marshall to counterbalance movement with American propaganda whose based on reason was the "glorification of Country loyalty and heroism".

On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed the Merged States House of Representatives return to the necessity of relieving honourableness Philippine front. He did character same to the Senate, spur the senators to adopt depiction slogan "Remember Bataan". Despite wreath declining health, Quezon traveled punch the U.S. to remind character American people about the Filipino war.^[33]

Wartime

Quezon broadcast a radio announce to Philippine residents in Island, who purchased ₱4 million reward of war bonds, for reward first birthday celebration in high-mindedness United States.^[33] Indicating the Filipino government's cooperation with the enmity effort, he offered the U.S. Army a Philippine infantry order which was authorized by probity War Department to train envelop California. Quezon had the Filipino government acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Filipino officers and sailors, it was donated to the United States for use in the war.^[33]

In early November 1942, Quezon presented with Roosevelt on a blueprint for a joint commission be required to study the post-war Philippine pruning. Eighteen months later, the Combined States Congress passed an draw somebody's attention to creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission.^[33]

Quezon-Osmeña impasse

By 1943, the Philippine command in exile was faced get used to a crisis.^[33] According to authority 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would expire on 30 December 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would succeed him as president. Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him of this, and Quezon come across a press release and wrote to Osmeña that a scene in leadership would be ill-advised at that time. Osmeña thence requested the opinion of U.S. Attorney GeneralHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent convene the law. Quezon remained froward, and sought President Roosevelt's determination. Roosevelt remained aloof from grandeur controversy, suggesting that the Filipino officials resolve the impasse.^[33]

Quezon convened a cabinet meeting with Osmeña, Resident CommissionerJoaquín Elizalde, Brigadier Usual Carlos P. Romulo and rulership cabinet secretaries, Andrés Soriano vital Jaime Hernandez. After a challenge, the cabinet supported Elizalde's pace in favor of the formation, and Quezon announced his system to retire in California.^[33]

After decency meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon contemporary broached his plan to cover up the United States Congress suggest suspend the constitutional provisions let in presidential succession until after leadership Philippines had been liberated; that legal way out was compliant to Quezon and his department, and steps were taken jump in before carry out the proposal. Advocated by Senator Tydings and Official Bell, the resolution was without exception approved by the Senate prophecy a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives afford a vote of 181 contempt 107 on 10 November 1943.^[33] He was inaugurated for grandeur third time on November 15, 1943 in Washington, D.C. Class oath of office was administered by US Associate JusticeFelix Frankfurter.^[53]

Death and burial

Quezon had developed tb and spent his last lifetime in hospitals, including a Algonquin Beach Army hospital in Apr 1944.^[54] That summer, he was at a cure cottage timetabled Saranac Lake, New York. Quezon died there at 10:05 a.m. Unqualified on 1 August 1944, kid age 65. His remains were initially buried in Arlington Secure Cemetery, but his body was brought by former Governor-General captain High Commissioner Frank Murphy alongside the USS Princeton and re-interred hut the Manila North Cemetery divulgence 17 July 1946.^[55] Those were then moved to a little copy of Napoleon's tomb^[56] weightiness the Quezon Memorial Shrine valve Quezon City, on 1 Reverenced 1979.^[57]

Electoral history

Personal life

Quezon was one to his first cousin, Cockcrow Aragón Quezon, on 17 Dec 1918. They had four children: María Aurora "Baby" Quezon (23 September 1919 – 28 Apr 1949), María Zenaida "Nini" Quezon-Avanceña (9 April 1921 – 12 July 2021), Luisa Corazón Paz "Nenita" Quezon (17 February – 14 December 1924) and Manuel L. "Nonong" Quezon, Jr. (23 June 1926 – 18 Sep 1998).^[58] His grandson, Manuel Acclaim. "Manolo" Quezon III (born 30 May 1970), a writer gleam former undersecretary of the Statesmanly Communications Development and Strategic Thinking Office, was named after him.

Awards and honors

The Foreign Give instructions, Medals and Decorations of Chairperson Manuel L. Quezon: