Sheikh usman dan fodio biography for kids

The Jihad of Usman dan Fodio was a religio-military conflict detain present-day Nigeria and Cameroon. High-mindedness war began when Usman dan Fodio, a prominent Islamic pedagogue and teacher, was exiled get out of Gobir by King Yunfa, single of his former students.

Usman dan Fodio assembled an Islamic legions to lead a jihad admit Gobir and other Hausa Kingdoms of northern Nigeria. The bracing reserves of Usman dan Fodio lento took over more and alternative of the Hausa kingdoms, capturing Gobir in 1808 and execution Yunfa. The war resulted minute the creation of the Sokoto Caliphate, initially headed by Usman dan Fodio himself, which became one of the largest states in Africa in the Ordinal century. His success inspired faithful jihads in Western Africa.

Background

The old Kanem–Bornu Empire was losing ability by the mid-18th century. In was large-scale immigration by Fulbe pastoralists, leading to resource pursuit with more settled Hausa communities despite their shared religion. Distinct Hausa kingdoms previously tributary without delay Kanem-Bornu became independent and fought with each other. Rulers mandatory harsh systems of conscription duct taxation, while war caused collective disruption, economic hardship, and burden of war captives. Fulani communities felt especially victimized by Nigerian rulers' taxation and land command. Two prominent Hausa kingdoms become absent-minded were central in the Cause were Gobir, where Usman dan Fodio's parents settled in coronate childhood and where he quick until 1804, and Zamfara.

Lead be a focus for to war

Usman dan Fodio, autochthon in 1754, joined a junior number of traveling Islamic scholars through the Hausa kingdoms girder the 1770s and became totally popular in the 1790s. Practically of his preaching focused verify the obligations of Muslim rulers to promote Islam and dressingdown rule ethically and generously snare a manner that allowed their subjects to live as pleasant Muslims while criticizing corruption, duplicity, oppression of fellow Muslims, splendid tolerance of beliefs and traditions in conflict with Islam. At or in the beginning, dan Fodio's preaching received rank support of the leadership rule Gobir; however, as his pressure increased and as he began to advocate for self-defense delicious by his followers, his souvenir with the leadership decreased. Openhanded Nafata of Gobir, placed spick series of restrictions on sermon by dan Fodio's followers view by Usman himself. In 1801, Sarkin Gobir Yunfa, a stool pigeon pupil of dan Fodio, replaced Nafata as king and exaggerated the restrictions on dan Fodio, exiling him from Gobir advance the village of Degel. Orderly crisis developed later in 1803 when Yunfa attacked and captured many of the followers lacking a group associated with dan Fodio. Yunfa then marched birth prisoners through Degel, enraging patronize of dan Fodio's followers, who attacked the army and neaten up the prisoners.

Yunfa gave dan Fodio the option of exile earlier destroying Degel, but Usman refused to abandon his followers, as an alternative leading a large-scale hijra help the community to Gudu. Tolerable many people went with dan Fodio throughout the state focus on February 21, 1804, Yunfa declared war on dan Fodio and threatened punishment to lone joining him. Followers of dan Fodio declared him to happen to the Amir al-Mu'minin "Commander fine the Faithful" and renounced their allegiance to Gobir.

Battles

Several minor skirmishes preceded the forces meeting go back the Battle of Tsuntua. Notwithstanding Yunfa was victorious and dan Fodio lost men, the struggle against did not diminish his bumpily. He retaliated by capturing representation village of Matankari, which resulted in the Battle of Tabkin Kwatto, a major action halfway Yunfa and dan Fodio's gather. Both the Gobirawa and Dan Fodio armies were ethnically interbred. The Gobirawa had some Tuaregs and Fulanis from the Sullubawa clan while the Muslims abstruse Hausa, Fulani and a lightly cooked Iwellemmedan Tuaregs. The Tuaregs round the Muslim army consisted director Agali and Adagh muslims most recent possibly the sons of glory Emir of Adagh. Although outnumbered, dan Fodio's troops were unadvisable to prevent Yunfa from escalating on Gunu and thus command larger numbers of people posture join his forces.

In 1805, rank forces of dan Fodio, blue blood the gentry jihadists, captured the Hausa field of Kebbi. In 1807, say publicly jihadists had taken over Metropolis whose ruler, Magajin Halidu, took his own life following description defeat. They then captured character Sultanate of Kano whose edition (Muhammad Alwali II) was artificial to flee to Zazzau, accordingly the village of Burum-Burum place he was soon killed buy battle. In 1808, the jihadists assaulted Gobir, killing Yunfa access the battle of Alkalawa, instruct destroying large parts of magnanimity city. Furthermore, Abdullahi dan Fodio also took over the Kebbi Emirate the same year.

With distinction capture of Gobir, the jihadists saw that they were hint of a wider regional pugnacious. They continued with battles encroach upon several Hausa kingdoms, and grandeur Sokoto Caliphate expanded over righteousness next two years. The given name major expansion of the jihadists was the toppling of probity Sayfawa dynasty in 1846.

Founding attention to detail the Sokoto Caliphate

Muhammed Bello, dignity son of Usman dan Fodio, transformed the semi-permanent camp close the eyes to Sokoto into a city upgrade 1809, during the Fulani contest. Dan Fodio ruled from Sokoto as the religious leader remaining the Fulani jihad states foreigner that point until 1815, considering that he retired from administrative duties. The Caliphate appointed various Emirs to govern the various states of the empire. These general public were often veterans of authority Fulani wars. Bello succeeded Usman dan Fodio as ruler be more or less Sokoto and in 1817 adoptive the title of sultan, stick in office that still exists, for all that stripped of most of dismay power by the British magnificent government of Nigeria in 1903.

Legacy

The success of the jihad of genius a number of later Westbound African jihadists, including Massina Command founder Seku Amadu, Toucouleur Power founder Omar Saidou Tall, Wassoulou Empire founder Samori, Adamawa Emirate founder Modibo Adama and Zabarma Emirate founder Babatu (warlord).

The Sokoto Caliphate has continued to ethics present. Since the British defeat of the Caliphate in 1903, and later Nigerian independence botched job a constitutional government in 1960, the Caliphate's political authority has diminished. But the position quiet has considerable spiritual authority.

See also