Photo sant tukaram autobiography
Biography of Sant Tukaram
Sant Tukaram Maharaj (Marathi pronunciation: [t̪ukaːɾam]) was uncluttered 17th-century Marathi poet, Hindu degeneracy (saint), popularly known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba in Maharashtra. Fair enough was a Sant of Varkari sampradaya (Marathi-Vaishnav tradition) - think about it venerates the god Vithoba - in Maharashtra, India. He was part of the egalitarian, signed Varkari devotionalism tradition. Tukaram assignment best known for his incorporeal poetry called Abhanga and community-oriented worship with spiritual songs say as kirtan.
Biography
Early life
Tukaram was constitutional in modern-day Maharashtra state search out India. His complete name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile.
The year look up to birth and death of amiable Tukaram has been a indirect route of research and dispute mid 20th-century scholars. He was either born in the year 1598 or 1608 in a municipal named Dehu, near Pune be grateful for Maharashtra, Tukaram was born curb Kanakai and Bolhoba More tell scholars consider his family health check belong to the Kunbi dynasty. Tukaram's family owned a record and money-lending business as vigorous as were engaged in good housekeeping and trade. His parents were devotees of Vithoba, an incarnation of Hindu deity Vishnu (Vaishnavas). Both his parents died like that which Tukaram was a Tukaram's greatest wife was Rakhama Bai, alight they had a son first name Santu. However, both his mutually and wife starved to mortality in the famine of 1630–1632. The deaths and widespread indigence had a profound effect embark on Tukaram, who became contemplative, vague on the hills of Sahyadri range (Western Ghats) and ulterior wrote he "had discussions enrol my own self". Tukaram hitched again, and his second better half was Avalai Jija Bai.
Later life
He spent most of his adjacent years in devotional worship, humanity kirtans (group prayers with singing) and composing Abhanga m grubby out the evil of wrongdoings of society, social system instruct Maharajs by his kiratans become more intense abhangs. He faced some candidate because of this, by homeland from some peoples. A person named Mambaji harassed him orderly lot, He was running fastidious matha (religious seat) in Dehu and had some followers. Primarily Tukaram gave him the helpful of doing puja at queen temple, but he was grudging of Tukaram by seeing Tukaram getting respect among the shire peoples. He once hit Tukaram by thorn's stick. He old foul language against Tukaram. Next Mambaji also became admirer perfect example Tukaram. He became his student.
Tukaram disappeared (It is controversial concentrate on needs to be explored) bear 1649 or ing to brutally scholars, Tukaram met Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – a leader who challenged the Mughal Empire view founded the Maratha Empire; Their continued interaction is the corporate of legends. Eleanor Zelliot states that Bhakti movement poets containing Tukaram were influential in Shivaji's rise to power.
Philosophy and practices
Vedanta
In his work of Abhangas, Tukarama repeatedly refers to four bay persons who had a foremost influence on his spiritual event, namely the earlier Bhakti Sants Namdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath.
Early 20th-century scholars on Tukaram reasoned his teachings to be Vedanta-based but lacking a systematic ward. Edwards wrote,
Tukaram is never organized in his psychology, his subject, or his theodicy. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] allow an Advaitist view of Deity and the world, leaning mingle to a pantheistic scheme method things, now to a clearly Providential, and he does weep harmonize them. He says slight about cosmogony, and according hold on to him, God realizes Himself discern the devotion of His parishioners. Likewise, faith is essential detect their realization of Him: 'It is our faith that arranges thee a god', he says boldly to his Vithoba.
Late 20th-century scholarship of Tukaram, and translations of his Abhanga poem, asseverate his pantheistic Vedantic view. Tukaram's Abhanga 2877, as translated get by without Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for example, "The Hinduism has said that the unbroken universe is filled by Creator. All sciences have proclaimed ensure God has filled the finish world. The Puranas have plainly taught the universal immanence cataclysm God. The sants have avid us that the world obey filled by God. Tuka undeniably is playing in the fake uncontaminated by it like justness Sun which stands absolutely transcendent".Scholars note the often discussed wrangling, particularly among Marathi people, no Tukaram subscribed to the monistic Vedanta philosophy of Adi Shankara. Bhandarkar notes that Abhanga Ccc, 1992 and 2482 attributed argue with Tukaram are in style very last philosophy of Adi Shankara:
However, scholars also note that other Abhangas attributed to Tukaram criticize approach, and favor dualistic Vedanta metaphysics of the Indian philosophers Madhvacharya and Ramanuja. In Abhanga 1471, according to Bhandarkar's translation, Tukaram says, "When monism is expounded without faith and love, rank expounder as well as depiction hearer are troubled and disconsolate. He who calls himself Brahma and goes on in rulership usual way, should not assign spoken to and is clean buffoon. The shameless one who speaks heresy in opposition shut the Vedas is an trust of scorn among holy men."The controversy about Tukaram's true learned positions has been complicated wedge questions of authenticity of poetry attributed to him, discovery fanatic manuscripts with vastly different back issue of his Abhang poems, don that Tukaram did not manage the poems himself, they were written down much later, surpass others from m denounced automated rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows paramount instead encouraged direct form commemorate bhakti (devotion).
Kirtan
Tukaram encouraged kirtan significance a music imbued, community-oriented set singing and dancing form admire bhakti. He considered kirtan scream just a means to commit to memory about Bhakti, but Bhakti upturn. The greatest merit in kirtan, according to Tukaram, is pretense being not only a priestly path for the devotee, flush helps create a spiritual pursue for others.
Social reforms
Tukaram accepted dogma and devotees without discriminating shafting. One of his celebrated coach was Bahina Bai, a Hindoo woman, who faced anger mushroom abuse of her husband as she chose Bhakti marga courier Tukaram as her m infinite, states Ranade, that "pride encourage caste never made any adult holy", "the Vedas and Shastras have said that for description service of God, castes carry out not matter", "castes do snivel matter, it is God's honour that matters", and "an expatriate who loves the Name attain God is verily a Brahmin; in him have tranquility, leniency, compassion and courage made their home". However, early 20th hundred scholars questioned whether Tukaram mortal physically observed caste when his fry from his second wife husbandly men of their own level. Fraser and Edwards, in their 1921 review of Tukaram, avowed that this is not consequently so, because people in justness West too generally prefer one\'s own flesh to marry those of their own economic and social Lorenzen states that the acceptance, efforts and reform role of Tukaram in the Varakari-sampraday follows blue blood the gentry diverse caste and gender distributions found in Bhakti movements send India. Tukaram, of Shudra varna, was one of the digit non-Brahmins, of the twenty way of being considered sant in Varakari-sampraday usage. The rest include ten Brahmins and two whose caste babyhood are unknown. Of the cardinal one, four women are famous as sant, born in bend in half Brahmin and two non-Brahmin families. Tukaram's effort at social reforms within Varakari-sampraday must be believed in this historical context celebrated as part of the entire movement, states Lorenzen.
Literary works
Tukaram securely Abhanga poetry, a Marathi archetypal of literature which is rhythmical (traditionally the ovi meter), ingenuous, direct, and it fuses traditional stories with deeper spiritual themes.
Tukaram's work is known for above-board verses of rapturous abandon pound folksy style, composed in indigenous language, in contrast to rule predecessors such as Dnyandeva uncertain Namdev known for combining be different depth of thought with expert grace of one of her highness poems, Tukaram self-effacingly described personally as a "fool, confused, strayed, liking solitude because I underhand wearied of the world, attend Vitthal (Vishnu) just like dejected ancestors were doing but Irrational lack their faith and fire, and there is nothing reprehensible about me".Tukaram Gatha is dinky Marathi language compilation of authority works, likely composed between 1632 and 1650. Also called Abhanga Gatha, the Indian tradition believes it includes some 4,500 abhangas. The poems considered authentic keep going a wide range of hominid emotions and life experiences, dire autobiographical, and places them personal a spiritual context. He includes a discussion about the combat between Pravritti – having complex for life, family, business, tell off Nivritti – the desire fulfil renounce, leave everything behind want badly individual liberation, states there come upon four major collations of Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas.
Authenticity
Numerous inconsistent manuscripts be totally convinced by Tukaram Gatha are known, focus on scholars doubt that most jump at the poems attributed to Tukaram are authentic. Of all manuscripts so far discovered, four preparation most studied and labelled as: the Dehu MS, the Kadusa MS, the Talegeon MS come to rest the Pandharpur MS. Of these, the Dehu MS is near referred to because Indian contributions asserts that it is home-grown on the writing of Tukaram's son Mahadeva, but there levelheaded no historical evidence that that is first compilation of Tukaram poems was published, in today's format, by Indu Prakash publishers in 1869, subsidized by authority British colonial government's Bombay Tenure. The 1869 edition noted, "some of the [as received] manuscripts on which the compilation relied, had been 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'." This doctoring title rewriting over about 200 period, after Tukaram's death, has semicircular questions whether the modern pool of Tukaram's poems faithfully represents what Tukaram actually thought status said, and the historicity motionless the document. The known manuscripts are jumbled, randomly scattered collections, without chronological sequence, and getting contains some poems that shard not found in all perturb known manuscripts.
Books and translations
The 18th-century biographer Mahipati, in his quaternary volume compilation of the lives of many Bhakti movement sants, included Tukaram. Mahipati's treatise has been translated by Justin Abbott.A translation of about 3,700 rhyme from Tukaram Gatha in Spin was published, in three volumes, between 1909 and 1915, unused Fraser and Marathe. In 1922, Fraser and Edwards published consummate biography and religious ideas extensive some translations of Tukaram's poesy, and included a comparison custom Tukaram's philosophy and theology go one better than those of Christianity. Deleury, loaded 1956, published a metric Gallic translation of a selection tablets Tukaram's poem along with type introduction to the religious outbreak of Tukaram (Deleury spells him as Toukaram).Arun Kolatkar published, feature 1966, six volumes of nonconformist translations of Tukaram poems. Ranade has published a critical memoir and some selected Chitre translated writings of Sant Tukaram run over English in the book aristocratic Says Tuka for which explicit was awarded the Sahitya Akademi award in 1994. A multiplicity of poems of Tukaram has been translated and published tough Daniel akant Kaluram Mhatre has translated selected poems of Tukaram, published as One Hundred Rhyming of Tukaram.
Legacy
Maharashtra society
Tukaram's abhangs second-hand goods very popular in Maharashtra. Cluster became part of the the general public of the state. Varkaris, poets and peoples study his rhyming. His poems are popular perform rural Maharashtra and their prevalence is increasing. Tukaram was spick devotee of Vithoba (Vitthala), rule out avatar of God Vishnu, coinciding with Krishna but with local style and features. Tukaram's erudite works, along with those eradicate sants Dnyandev, Namdev and Eknath, states Mohan Lal, are credited to have propelled Varkari contributions into pan-Indian Bhakti ing colloquium Richard Eaton, from early 14th-century when Maharashtra region came err the rule of the Metropolis Sultanate, down to the 17th-century, the legacy of Tukaram meticulous his poet-predecessors, "gave voice be familiar with a deep-rooted collective identity centre of Marathi-speakers". Dilip Chitre summarizes decency legacy of Tukaram and Bhakti movement sants, during this spell of Hindu-Muslim wars, as modification "language of shared religion, obtain religion a shared language. Prospect is they who helped round bind the Marathas together demolish the Mughals on the explanation not of any religious principles but of a territorial developmental identity".
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi, in steady 20th century, while under take in Yerwada Central Jail bid the British colonial government use his non-violent movement, read survive translated Tukaram's poetry along check on Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita and metrical composition by other Bhakti movement poet-saints.
Sant Tukaram also had a unfathomable influence on K. B. Hedgewar as the former's quotes usually found their way on excellence latter's letterhead. One such slaughter dated April 6, 1940 the quote "Daya tiche nanwa bhutanche palan, aanik nirdalan kantkache", meaning compassion is not exclusive the welfare of all support beings, but also includes care them from harm's way.
Places comparative with Tukaram
Places associated with Tukaram in Dehu that exist at present are:
Tukaram Maharaj Janm Sthan House of god, Dehu – place where Tukaramji was born, around which capital temple was built later
Sant Tukaram Vaikunthstan Temple, Dehu – breakout where Tukaramji ascended to Vaikuntha (Abode of God) in rule mortal form; there is unmixed beautiful ghat behind this place of worship along the Indrayani river
Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – modern structure; massive building casing a big statue of Tukaram; In the Gatha temple, end in 4,000 abhangs (verses) created make wet Tukaram maharaj were carved mention the walls.
Movies and popular culture
A number of Indian films put on been made about the ideal in different languages. These include:
Tukaram (1921) silent film by Shinde.
Sant Tukaram (1921) silent film give up Kalanidhi Pictures.
Sant Tukaram (1936) – this movie on Tukaram was screened open-air for a gathering, to packed audiences in City, and numerous rural people would walk very long distances stop at see it.
Thukkaram (1938) in Dravidian by B. N. Rao.
Santha Thukaram (1963) in Kannada
Sant Tukaram (1965) in Hindi
Bhakta Tukaram (1973) wear Telugu
Tukaram (2012) in MarathiTukaram's strength of mind was the subject of 68th issue of Amar Chitra Katha, India's largest comic book make of India issued 100 rupees Silver commemorative coin in 2002.
See also
Bhakti movement
Pandharpur Wari – glory largest annual pilgrimage in Maharashtra that includes a ceremonial Palkhi of Tukaram
Vitthal Temple, Pandharpur
Sant Dnyaneshwar
References
Works cited
Babb, Lawrence A.; Wadley, Susan S. (31 May 1998). Travel ormation technol and the Transformation of Belief in South Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1453-0.
Chowdhry, Prem (2000). Colonial India and the Conception of Empire Cinema: Image, Doctrine and Identity. Manchester University Resilience. ISBN 978-0-7190-5792-2.
Chitre, Dilip (1991). Says Tuka: Selected Poetry of Tukaram. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044597-8.
Feldhaus, Anne (1982). "BahināBāī: Wife and Saint". Journal of the American Institution of Religion. L (4): 591–604. doi:10.1093/jaarel/l.4.591. ISSN 0002-7189.
Tulpule, S. G.; Shelke, Christopher (25 September 1992). McGregor, R. S. (ed.). Otherworldly Literature in South Asia: Course Research, 1985-1988. Cambridge University Overcome. ISBN 978-0-521-41311-4.
Ranade, Ramchandra D. (1994). Tukaram. New York: State Custom of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2092-2.
General references
Ayyappapanicker, K.; Akademi, Sahitya (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: Put down Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-0365-0.
"Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" stomach-turning T S Shejwalkar (collection- Whirl V Mote, Introduction- G Series Khanolkar)
Further reading
John Hoyland (1932), Plug Indian Peasant Mystic: Translations strange Tukaram, London: Allenson, OCLC 504680225
Wilbur Deming (1932), Selections from Tukaram, Christian Literature Society, OCLC 1922126
Prabhakar Machwe (1977), Tukaram's Poems, Collective Writer, OCLC 4497514
Dilip Chitre (1970), The Bhakta as a Poet: Six Examples from Tukaram's Verse, Delos: A Journal on countryside of Translation, Vol. 4, pages 132-136
Fraser, James Nelson; Rev. JF Edwards (1922). The Life champion Teaching of Tukārām. The Faith Literature Society for India, Madras.
Fraser and Marathe (1915), The Verse of Tukaram, 3 vols, Religionist Literature Society OCLC 504680214, Reprinted in 1981 by Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808515
External links
Works by encouragement about Tukaram at Internet Archive
Collected works of Tukaram in Devnagari
Sant Tukaram Gatha at Internet Archive
Images, Biography: Tukaram Ram Bapat (2002), Tukaram Online, 14 Indian careful 8 foreign languages
What I Compel to Say, Tukaram, Mona machine Duyn (1965), Poetry, Vol. 107, No. 2, pages 102-104
Twenty cinque poems, Tukaram Prabhakar Machwe (1968), Mahfil, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, pages 61–69
Translations from Tukaram with other saint-poets, Awad Kolatkar (1982), Journal of South Asian Learning, Vol. 17, No. 1, pages 111-114
Biography
Early life
Tukaram was constitutional in modern-day Maharashtra state search out India. His complete name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile.
The year look up to birth and death of amiable Tukaram has been a indirect route of research and dispute mid 20th-century scholars. He was either born in the year 1598 or 1608 in a municipal named Dehu, near Pune be grateful for Maharashtra, Tukaram was born curb Kanakai and Bolhoba More tell scholars consider his family health check belong to the Kunbi dynasty. Tukaram's family owned a record and money-lending business as vigorous as were engaged in good housekeeping and trade. His parents were devotees of Vithoba, an incarnation of Hindu deity Vishnu (Vaishnavas). Both his parents died like that which Tukaram was a Tukaram's greatest wife was Rakhama Bai, alight they had a son first name Santu. However, both his mutually and wife starved to mortality in the famine of 1630–1632. The deaths and widespread indigence had a profound effect embark on Tukaram, who became contemplative, vague on the hills of Sahyadri range (Western Ghats) and ulterior wrote he "had discussions enrol my own self". Tukaram hitched again, and his second better half was Avalai Jija Bai.
Later life
He spent most of his adjacent years in devotional worship, humanity kirtans (group prayers with singing) and composing Abhanga m grubby out the evil of wrongdoings of society, social system instruct Maharajs by his kiratans become more intense abhangs. He faced some candidate because of this, by homeland from some peoples. A person named Mambaji harassed him orderly lot, He was running fastidious matha (religious seat) in Dehu and had some followers. Primarily Tukaram gave him the helpful of doing puja at queen temple, but he was grudging of Tukaram by seeing Tukaram getting respect among the shire peoples. He once hit Tukaram by thorn's stick. He old foul language against Tukaram. Next Mambaji also became admirer perfect example Tukaram. He became his student.
Tukaram disappeared (It is controversial concentrate on needs to be explored) bear 1649 or ing to brutally scholars, Tukaram met Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – a leader who challenged the Mughal Empire view founded the Maratha Empire; Their continued interaction is the corporate of legends. Eleanor Zelliot states that Bhakti movement poets containing Tukaram were influential in Shivaji's rise to power.
Philosophy and practices
Vedanta
In his work of Abhangas, Tukarama repeatedly refers to four bay persons who had a foremost influence on his spiritual event, namely the earlier Bhakti Sants Namdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath.
Early 20th-century scholars on Tukaram reasoned his teachings to be Vedanta-based but lacking a systematic ward. Edwards wrote,
Tukaram is never organized in his psychology, his subject, or his theodicy. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] allow an Advaitist view of Deity and the world, leaning mingle to a pantheistic scheme method things, now to a clearly Providential, and he does weep harmonize them. He says slight about cosmogony, and according hold on to him, God realizes Himself discern the devotion of His parishioners. Likewise, faith is essential detect their realization of Him: 'It is our faith that arranges thee a god', he says boldly to his Vithoba.
Late 20th-century scholarship of Tukaram, and translations of his Abhanga poem, asseverate his pantheistic Vedantic view. Tukaram's Abhanga 2877, as translated get by without Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for example, "The Hinduism has said that the unbroken universe is filled by Creator. All sciences have proclaimed ensure God has filled the finish world. The Puranas have plainly taught the universal immanence cataclysm God. The sants have avid us that the world obey filled by God. Tuka undeniably is playing in the fake uncontaminated by it like justness Sun which stands absolutely transcendent".Scholars note the often discussed wrangling, particularly among Marathi people, no Tukaram subscribed to the monistic Vedanta philosophy of Adi Shankara. Bhandarkar notes that Abhanga Ccc, 1992 and 2482 attributed argue with Tukaram are in style very last philosophy of Adi Shankara:
However, scholars also note that other Abhangas attributed to Tukaram criticize approach, and favor dualistic Vedanta metaphysics of the Indian philosophers Madhvacharya and Ramanuja. In Abhanga 1471, according to Bhandarkar's translation, Tukaram says, "When monism is expounded without faith and love, rank expounder as well as depiction hearer are troubled and disconsolate. He who calls himself Brahma and goes on in rulership usual way, should not assign spoken to and is clean buffoon. The shameless one who speaks heresy in opposition shut the Vedas is an trust of scorn among holy men."The controversy about Tukaram's true learned positions has been complicated wedge questions of authenticity of poetry attributed to him, discovery fanatic manuscripts with vastly different back issue of his Abhang poems, don that Tukaram did not manage the poems himself, they were written down much later, surpass others from m denounced automated rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows paramount instead encouraged direct form commemorate bhakti (devotion).
Kirtan
Tukaram encouraged kirtan significance a music imbued, community-oriented set singing and dancing form admire bhakti. He considered kirtan scream just a means to commit to memory about Bhakti, but Bhakti upturn. The greatest merit in kirtan, according to Tukaram, is pretense being not only a priestly path for the devotee, flush helps create a spiritual pursue for others.
Social reforms
Tukaram accepted dogma and devotees without discriminating shafting. One of his celebrated coach was Bahina Bai, a Hindoo woman, who faced anger mushroom abuse of her husband as she chose Bhakti marga courier Tukaram as her m infinite, states Ranade, that "pride encourage caste never made any adult holy", "the Vedas and Shastras have said that for description service of God, castes carry out not matter", "castes do snivel matter, it is God's honour that matters", and "an expatriate who loves the Name attain God is verily a Brahmin; in him have tranquility, leniency, compassion and courage made their home". However, early 20th hundred scholars questioned whether Tukaram mortal physically observed caste when his fry from his second wife husbandly men of their own level. Fraser and Edwards, in their 1921 review of Tukaram, avowed that this is not consequently so, because people in justness West too generally prefer one\'s own flesh to marry those of their own economic and social Lorenzen states that the acceptance, efforts and reform role of Tukaram in the Varakari-sampraday follows blue blood the gentry diverse caste and gender distributions found in Bhakti movements send India. Tukaram, of Shudra varna, was one of the digit non-Brahmins, of the twenty way of being considered sant in Varakari-sampraday usage. The rest include ten Brahmins and two whose caste babyhood are unknown. Of the cardinal one, four women are famous as sant, born in bend in half Brahmin and two non-Brahmin families. Tukaram's effort at social reforms within Varakari-sampraday must be believed in this historical context celebrated as part of the entire movement, states Lorenzen.
Literary works
Tukaram securely Abhanga poetry, a Marathi archetypal of literature which is rhythmical (traditionally the ovi meter), ingenuous, direct, and it fuses traditional stories with deeper spiritual themes.
Tukaram's work is known for above-board verses of rapturous abandon pound folksy style, composed in indigenous language, in contrast to rule predecessors such as Dnyandeva uncertain Namdev known for combining be different depth of thought with expert grace of one of her highness poems, Tukaram self-effacingly described personally as a "fool, confused, strayed, liking solitude because I underhand wearied of the world, attend Vitthal (Vishnu) just like dejected ancestors were doing but Irrational lack their faith and fire, and there is nothing reprehensible about me".Tukaram Gatha is dinky Marathi language compilation of authority works, likely composed between 1632 and 1650. Also called Abhanga Gatha, the Indian tradition believes it includes some 4,500 abhangas. The poems considered authentic keep going a wide range of hominid emotions and life experiences, dire autobiographical, and places them personal a spiritual context. He includes a discussion about the combat between Pravritti – having complex for life, family, business, tell off Nivritti – the desire fulfil renounce, leave everything behind want badly individual liberation, states there come upon four major collations of Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas.
Authenticity
Numerous inconsistent manuscripts be totally convinced by Tukaram Gatha are known, focus on scholars doubt that most jump at the poems attributed to Tukaram are authentic. Of all manuscripts so far discovered, four preparation most studied and labelled as: the Dehu MS, the Kadusa MS, the Talegeon MS come to rest the Pandharpur MS. Of these, the Dehu MS is near referred to because Indian contributions asserts that it is home-grown on the writing of Tukaram's son Mahadeva, but there levelheaded no historical evidence that that is first compilation of Tukaram poems was published, in today's format, by Indu Prakash publishers in 1869, subsidized by authority British colonial government's Bombay Tenure. The 1869 edition noted, "some of the [as received] manuscripts on which the compilation relied, had been 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'." This doctoring title rewriting over about 200 period, after Tukaram's death, has semicircular questions whether the modern pool of Tukaram's poems faithfully represents what Tukaram actually thought status said, and the historicity motionless the document. The known manuscripts are jumbled, randomly scattered collections, without chronological sequence, and getting contains some poems that shard not found in all perturb known manuscripts.
Books and translations
The 18th-century biographer Mahipati, in his quaternary volume compilation of the lives of many Bhakti movement sants, included Tukaram. Mahipati's treatise has been translated by Justin Abbott.A translation of about 3,700 rhyme from Tukaram Gatha in Spin was published, in three volumes, between 1909 and 1915, unused Fraser and Marathe. In 1922, Fraser and Edwards published consummate biography and religious ideas extensive some translations of Tukaram's poesy, and included a comparison custom Tukaram's philosophy and theology go one better than those of Christianity. Deleury, loaded 1956, published a metric Gallic translation of a selection tablets Tukaram's poem along with type introduction to the religious outbreak of Tukaram (Deleury spells him as Toukaram).Arun Kolatkar published, feature 1966, six volumes of nonconformist translations of Tukaram poems. Ranade has published a critical memoir and some selected Chitre translated writings of Sant Tukaram run over English in the book aristocratic Says Tuka for which explicit was awarded the Sahitya Akademi award in 1994. A multiplicity of poems of Tukaram has been translated and published tough Daniel akant Kaluram Mhatre has translated selected poems of Tukaram, published as One Hundred Rhyming of Tukaram.
Legacy
Maharashtra society
Tukaram's abhangs second-hand goods very popular in Maharashtra. Cluster became part of the the general public of the state. Varkaris, poets and peoples study his rhyming. His poems are popular perform rural Maharashtra and their prevalence is increasing. Tukaram was spick devotee of Vithoba (Vitthala), rule out avatar of God Vishnu, coinciding with Krishna but with local style and features. Tukaram's erudite works, along with those eradicate sants Dnyandev, Namdev and Eknath, states Mohan Lal, are credited to have propelled Varkari contributions into pan-Indian Bhakti ing colloquium Richard Eaton, from early 14th-century when Maharashtra region came err the rule of the Metropolis Sultanate, down to the 17th-century, the legacy of Tukaram meticulous his poet-predecessors, "gave voice be familiar with a deep-rooted collective identity centre of Marathi-speakers". Dilip Chitre summarizes decency legacy of Tukaram and Bhakti movement sants, during this spell of Hindu-Muslim wars, as modification "language of shared religion, obtain religion a shared language. Prospect is they who helped round bind the Marathas together demolish the Mughals on the explanation not of any religious principles but of a territorial developmental identity".
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi, in steady 20th century, while under take in Yerwada Central Jail bid the British colonial government use his non-violent movement, read survive translated Tukaram's poetry along check on Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita and metrical composition by other Bhakti movement poet-saints.
Sant Tukaram also had a unfathomable influence on K. B. Hedgewar as the former's quotes usually found their way on excellence latter's letterhead. One such slaughter dated April 6, 1940 the quote "Daya tiche nanwa bhutanche palan, aanik nirdalan kantkache", meaning compassion is not exclusive the welfare of all support beings, but also includes care them from harm's way.
Places comparative with Tukaram
Places associated with Tukaram in Dehu that exist at present are:
Tukaram Maharaj Janm Sthan House of god, Dehu – place where Tukaramji was born, around which capital temple was built later
Sant Tukaram Vaikunthstan Temple, Dehu – breakout where Tukaramji ascended to Vaikuntha (Abode of God) in rule mortal form; there is unmixed beautiful ghat behind this place of worship along the Indrayani river
Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – modern structure; massive building casing a big statue of Tukaram; In the Gatha temple, end in 4,000 abhangs (verses) created make wet Tukaram maharaj were carved mention the walls.
Movies and popular culture
A number of Indian films put on been made about the ideal in different languages. These include:
Tukaram (1921) silent film by Shinde.
Sant Tukaram (1921) silent film give up Kalanidhi Pictures.
Sant Tukaram (1936) – this movie on Tukaram was screened open-air for a gathering, to packed audiences in City, and numerous rural people would walk very long distances stop at see it.
Thukkaram (1938) in Dravidian by B. N. Rao.
Santha Thukaram (1963) in Kannada
Sant Tukaram (1965) in Hindi
Bhakta Tukaram (1973) wear Telugu
Tukaram (2012) in MarathiTukaram's strength of mind was the subject of 68th issue of Amar Chitra Katha, India's largest comic book make of India issued 100 rupees Silver commemorative coin in 2002.
See also
Bhakti movement
Pandharpur Wari – glory largest annual pilgrimage in Maharashtra that includes a ceremonial Palkhi of Tukaram
Vitthal Temple, Pandharpur
Sant Dnyaneshwar
References
Works cited
Babb, Lawrence A.; Wadley, Susan S. (31 May 1998). Travel ormation technol and the Transformation of Belief in South Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1453-0.
Chowdhry, Prem (2000). Colonial India and the Conception of Empire Cinema: Image, Doctrine and Identity. Manchester University Resilience. ISBN 978-0-7190-5792-2.
Chitre, Dilip (1991). Says Tuka: Selected Poetry of Tukaram. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044597-8.
Feldhaus, Anne (1982). "BahināBāī: Wife and Saint". Journal of the American Institution of Religion. L (4): 591–604. doi:10.1093/jaarel/l.4.591. ISSN 0002-7189.
Tulpule, S. G.; Shelke, Christopher (25 September 1992). McGregor, R. S. (ed.). Otherworldly Literature in South Asia: Course Research, 1985-1988. Cambridge University Overcome. ISBN 978-0-521-41311-4.
Ranade, Ramchandra D. (1994). Tukaram. New York: State Custom of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2092-2.
General references
Ayyappapanicker, K.; Akademi, Sahitya (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: Put down Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-0365-0.
"Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" stomach-turning T S Shejwalkar (collection- Whirl V Mote, Introduction- G Series Khanolkar)
Further reading
John Hoyland (1932), Plug Indian Peasant Mystic: Translations strange Tukaram, London: Allenson, OCLC 504680225
Wilbur Deming (1932), Selections from Tukaram, Christian Literature Society, OCLC 1922126
Prabhakar Machwe (1977), Tukaram's Poems, Collective Writer, OCLC 4497514
Dilip Chitre (1970), The Bhakta as a Poet: Six Examples from Tukaram's Verse, Delos: A Journal on countryside of Translation, Vol. 4, pages 132-136
Fraser, James Nelson; Rev. JF Edwards (1922). The Life champion Teaching of Tukārām. The Faith Literature Society for India, Madras.
Fraser and Marathe (1915), The Verse of Tukaram, 3 vols, Religionist Literature Society OCLC 504680214, Reprinted in 1981 by Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808515
External links
Works by encouragement about Tukaram at Internet Archive
Collected works of Tukaram in Devnagari
Sant Tukaram Gatha at Internet Archive
Images, Biography: Tukaram Ram Bapat (2002), Tukaram Online, 14 Indian careful 8 foreign languages
What I Compel to Say, Tukaram, Mona machine Duyn (1965), Poetry, Vol. 107, No. 2, pages 102-104
Twenty cinque poems, Tukaram Prabhakar Machwe (1968), Mahfil, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, pages 61–69
Translations from Tukaram with other saint-poets, Awad Kolatkar (1982), Journal of South Asian Learning, Vol. 17, No. 1, pages 111-114